Assignment 10 Chapter 9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

10 Chapter 9 - Assignment Example Resource loading gives a project planner a rough estimate of the resources that are required for a given project. Resource loading is determined to a large extent by the time to be taken by each project activity. Resource loading differs from resource leveling in that resource leveling aims at appropriate resource allocation such that the activity is not over-allocated any resource. It also reduces any chances of under-allocation of resources. Resource leveling can be done by delaying or splitting an activity until when the required resource is available. Critical chain concept was developed to solve the problem of time wastage in project implementation. Critical chain is explained as the longest chain of project tasks that are logically dependent. Since the planner cannot be sure of the critical chain timeline, buffers are used manage and control any variations that might occur. Buffers ensure that the project finish date is not

Reading strategy Essay Example for Free

Reading strategy Essay The SQ3R strategy which stands for survey, question, read, recite, and review. This five step strategy can be integrated into many areas. students can learn more effectively by engaging in the pre-reading, during-reading, and post-reading steps of this strategy. There are five strategy of reading to better understand the material. The strategy contain survey, question, read,recite and review. In survey, it contains chapter titles, introductory paragraphs, bold face, italicized headings and summary paragraphs. Question includes turn section headings into questions; have questions for which answers are expected to be found in the passage. In read purpose is to answer the questions. In recite also allow to answer question without referring to the text or notes. In review includes reviewing the material by reading parts of the text or notes to verify answers.The SQ3R is great way to actively read difficult material. It does not promise to make it student love or even like the subject but it facilitate the student to reading and ultimately, teach learning. with time and practice find this approach great study skill to develop.These students can benefit from using the SQ3R because it requires them to activate their thinking and review their understanding throughout their reading. It also helps students from waiting and then cramming for tests since the five steps requires them to review information and create notes during their initial reading. Their notes from the initial reading become their study guides. The SQ3R strategy which stands for survey, question, read, recite, and review. This five step strategy can be integrated into many areas. students can learn more effectively by engaging in the pre-reading, during-reading, and post-reading steps of this strategy. There are five strategy of reading to better understand the material. The strategy contain survey, question, read,recite and review. In survey, it contains chapter titles, introductory paragraphs, bold face, italicized headings and summary paragraphs. Question includes turn section headings into questions; have questions for which answers are expected to be found in the passage. In read purpose is to answer the questions. In recite also allow to answer question without referring to the text or notes. In review includes reviewing the material by reading parts of the text or notes to verify answers.The SQ3R is great way to actively read difficult material. It does not promise to make it student love or even like the subject but it facilitate the student to reading and ultimately, teach  learning. with time and practice find this approach great study skill to develop.These students can benefit from using the SQ3R because it requires them to activate their thinking and review their understanding throughout their reading. It also helps students from waiting and then cramming for tests since the five steps requires them to review information and create notes during their initial reading. Their notes from the initial reading become their study guides.

The Spanish Flu in Remission :: Journalism Influenza Health Medical Essays

The Spanish Flu in Remission For many it appears like there is finally reason to take a deep sigh of relief. The deadly Spanish Flu, now believed to have begun on the battlefields and in the military hospitals of the war, appears to be in remission. In the previous two days the death tolls has gone from 302 down to 269, and it today reached a remarkable low of only 17. Still the business men's advisory committee and our local Health Commission say that we must "keep up the fight so long as there is a case of influenza." The eradication of this illness is the responsibility of every citizen and does not simply rest with the physician. Many are preparing to proclaim an end to this devastating illness which has already claimed the lives of millions world-wide, and has forced many Los Angeles residents to isolate themselves. The disease was known in the battlefields in which it originated as "three-day fever,". Since then the name stuck. It can attack in an instance without warning, and leave those it infects dead in less than a week. John C. Acker, a Sergeant within the 32nd Division American Expeditionary Force, described the course of the illness in greater detail: "It runs its course in a week or more. It hits suddenly and one's temperature nearly chases the mercury thru the top of the M.D.'s thermometer, face gets red, every bone in the body aches and the head splits wide open." The disease has been the source of enormous tragedy, and sadly has claimed the lives of some of our nation's greatest young men, who have successfully fought to push back imposing enemy armies despite tremendous difficulties. After these soldiers returned home a new battle confronted Uncle Sam, as the dark shadow of flu claimed countless the lives of countless civilians and military personnel. Fortunately Los Angeles' reaction to this scourge has been swift. Quarantine has been the official policy. This week such measures continue as nearly all downtown churches announce that they will not hold their regular Children's Sunday School classes since large meetings could endanger the lives of the youth. While the measures are only temporary it has been yet another sign of the inconveniences that quarantine measures have produced. The churches which made this decision hail from virtually every denomination.

Communication system Essay

Use and develop systems that promote communication 1. Be able to address the range of communication requirement in own role 1. 1 Review the range of groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed in own job role. Working within Surestart I work with many groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed which include 16 staff members, services users to date we have 1700 families registered with Surestart. We would have a lot of communication with Health visitors regarding referrals that they have sent in and also follow up telephone calls if there is any concerns with the family. I would also have contact with social services and be asked to attend case review meetings. I would also be expected to communicate with other agencies to refer our service users on the appropriate agencies for example other children centres, counsellors, women’s Aid and Hidden Harm Social worker, 1. 2 Explain how to support effective communication within own job role Effective communication and interaction play a very important role in the work of everybody that works within Surestart. I feel that how I support effective communication is by setting a good example to staff. With communication been so important for the day to day running of the centre, each staff member would be asked to write in the diary in the main office so people can know where they are (this is for the save guarding of staff if they are out of the office, lone worker policy) There is also a white board in the main office so when staff are in programmes other staff are aware of this and that the parents/baby room are booked. I would also support communication by attending staff meeting ever second week and staff are told that they must attend once a month. There is also an open door policy as sometimes there is information that staff do not want to share in a team meeting as there maybe difficulties within the team and they would like to share information on a one to one basic. 1. 3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role The barriers and challenges that I would face is staff working part time, staff out doing programme and also may be difficult feeling between staff members. The other barriers and challenges that I would face is staff do not take on board what you are saying to them as they feel they are right so they do not even listen to what you are trying to explain. Some people may pick you up wrong on the information you are trying to get across. 1. 4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers Make sure I speak very clear, focus on what information I would like them to take on board. Supervision on a monthly basis, open door policy if anyone has a problem they can talk about it. Staff can ring and send emails at any time. The childcare supervisor meets with the childcare team every morning to make sure that all creches have enough staff and if they have any concerns regarding the children. There is also a referral meeting once a week where we discuss the referral that health visitor/social workers have send in and also to discuss and concerns we would have regarding the parents. I also send rely slips to social worker / health visitor to let them know if a home visit has been completed or if we have been unable to contact the family. Use different means of communication to meet different needs I am aware that each staff member has different learning styles, some staff like sharing information in a group and other staff like to share information in a one to one. It is also very important for me to take this on board as I do not want any member of the team feeling frustrated and ineffective. I want staff to be able to trust me and let them see that I value the work that they do. The different means of communication I use to meet different needs are. Emails are a very effective means of communication as each staff members gets the information at the same time and not second hand. Emails can be sent at any time and also printed out to file or record information that has been sent or received. Team meeting again are a very good as all staff are getting the same information and this is a nice way for other staff to meet and let everyone else know how things are going and if anyone is finding a family or child difficult then there is the support of the whole team for ideas of how to handle a situation. If anyone cannot make it then the team minutes are there to read. Telephone if I am not in the office I can still be reached on my mobile if anyone needs anything. Health visitor/Social worker would also contact me by telephone if they needed an update on a family. Staff diary in the main office this lets staff members know who is in which room and if anyone is on leave or sick or if someone has an appointment. Sign in and out sheet beside the exit door this is for safety reasons as if there was a fire in the building then I would know who is in and out Reply slips are back to the health visitors/social worker as an update for the referral they have send in. Letters to parents this is to invite them along to programmes/events. Thought-out the year I would facilitate information mornings for breastfeeding support, weaning work shop and feeding for under 5’s this would be to share information to welcome new service users to the Surestart. Face to face, my office is open to all staff at any time if they need to talk about anything. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communication 2. Be able to improve communication systems and practise support positive outcomes for individuals 2. Monitor the effectiveness of communication systems and practices. The diary in the front office if very effective for staff on home visit as we know where there are for their safety (lone worker policy). white board in the main office is very effective as this is where all staff write down their programmes so if there is any phone calls for staff the secretary knows if they are in the office or in programmes. Emails can be sent at any time and it means that the same information is been told to the staff at the same time and it is also the staffs responsible to pick up their emails. The childcare supervisor meets with the childcare staff each morning I feel that this is very effective as this is in place to make sure that all rooms are covered with their ratio, and most importantly that the needs of the children are met and if there is any problem in any of the setting it can be addressed as needed and that staff do not have to wait 2 weeks for a team meeting to discuss. One to one communication i. e. Supervision and APR, I feel that this is very important within a setting. N-Drive – this is where documents can be saved and all staff can access it. In our office we have a policy of hot desking so documents can accessed at any computer. This is also for Surestart forms and newsletters so all staff can print them out as needed. Reply slips to health visitors/social worker/other agencies – this is where I reply to any referral letter that the project receives, I would reply to the other agencies if this family had received a home visit and services offered, if I was unable to contact the family for different reasons or if the family did not want to avail of Surestart services. Phone – if I cannot be reached at any time then a message can be left for me to return there call. 2. 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice Evaluating the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice I am going to start with the ones I feels are the most effective. One to One Communication – I feel that this works very well within a team as some staff members do not like to speak in front of other and feel that their ideas might not be good enough. I also feel that face to face communication is very effective as some people can pick up a message wrong and take the wrong tone with an email. Supervision – this is there for staff to talk confidently with their manger I feel that this is very effective means of communication for the manger to tell how well things are going for that member of staff and for the staff member to say how they really feel about how things are going. ( I also feel that you have to have a good relationship with your staff for this to work, you have to be relaxed and friendly and staff members also have to trust you). Supervision is also very effective as this give staff clear boundaries of what is expected of them for the month a head and also make sure they are on target to achieve the targets in their APR. Team meetings – I also think this is effective as this can let everybody know how programmes are going if there is any follows to do with families in any of the programmes. If anyone is having any difficulties if any of the programmes is nice to get other ideas how to deal with it. It is also there for sharing information for the Surestart board and action for children. To let staff know what training is coming up. ARP- I have been working in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I feel that this is the first year I have felt that an APR has been effective like the rest of communication systems if it is not done right then it will not be effective. APR is there to set goal and targets for the year ahead, I feel this is very important for staff as they know what is expected of them for the year ahead and then this is monitored at each supervision to make sure that staff in on track with their targets. Childcare meeting every morning – I feel that this is very effective as each member of the childcare team no where they are each day and who is covering in each setting and also if any member of the childcare team is concerned about a child this is discussed each morning. Emails- I feel has pro and con. It is very effective in a way that emails can be sent at any time and is very good for all staff to receive the information at the same time. I also feels that staff can pick the tone of emails up wrong and some information is best said face to face. Reply letter to health visitors/social workers/other agencies – I feel that this is a very effective The diary in the front office – This is effective if everyone plays there part in filling it in. If someone is on training or off on A/L and forgets to fill it in then it is very hard for other staff to know where they are. N-Drive – This is effective as all the Surestart form and standard letters are on it as well as newsletters. It is also that as this is used while hot desking it means that the documents that are placed on this drive can be accessed by the whole team so if I was saving any confidential information I would also password protect it. Phone – I do feel that this is effective as if I am not available by phone or mobile then a message can also be left. 2. 3 Propose improvements to communication systems and practices to address any short comings I feel that communication can always be improved as we are only human and staff do forget to pass on messages, response to emails, and even fill in the diary in the main office. I have proposed that each desk has message pad so that all messages have to written down. I have proposed that the main diary is to be brought to the team meeting so that if anyone has any leave booked, any visits arranged or training then this can go into the diary. I would also remind everybody at team meeting about remembering to fill in the diary I have also propose that the reply slips to the health visitors/social workers be changed as I feel it could be improved. 2. 4 Lead the implementation of revised communication system and practices CU 2941 Use and develop systems that promote communication 3. Be able to improve communication systems to promote partnership working 3. 1 Use communication systems to promote partnership working The systems that we use to promote partnership working is: One to one communications – I meet with the health visitor for breastfeeding once a week. Also any of the health visitors are welcome to call in at any time. Some health visitors like to bring parents that are hard to engage into the centre to meet me to show them around the building and meet the staff. I would also have contact face to face with our families on a daily basis through programmes and also registrations. Phone call – health visitors/social services and other agencies would phone for update and regarding case review meetings. Families would also phone on a daily basis if they needed help with anything or information. Post – we post letters to the agencies if we are unable to reach the families or if they no longer wish to be involved with the service. I would also post letters and newsletter to families. Emails – some agencies like to send email as it is a faster way for them and this is ok with me as long as it is recorded. Referral reply – this is a letter drawing and signed by Surestart parents that we have permission to send it back to the health visitors to say we have been in contact and the Surestart services have been offered. Information events – this is different events for Surestart to promote their services 3. 2 Compare the effectiveness of different communications systems for partnership working I feel within waterside Surestart the systems we use are very effective. One to one communication I feel is very effective as this can reassure service users and colleagues and also outside agencies, you can focus on the goal. I can be supportive and positive to all that need it. I can also assess the services users’ needs and provide them with the support needed and I also feel that this builds trust and relationships. Phone call – I feel that this is a very effective way of communicating as some health visitor/social worker/other agencies need an update ASAP as they may be on their way to a review meeting. All if a member of staff is not on the office this is a good way of communicating. As my role as family support worker I be in contact with families every day on the phone, may it be they have a question or I am inviting the families to programmes or arranging home visits. Emails – This is a very effective way that I communicate in Surestart, supervision notes to be sent 3 says before supervision, team meeting are to be sent and read before the meeting. Agencies are able to send emails / newsletters Referral Response – I feel that this is a very effective way that Surestart communicate. This is send to health visitors/social workers who send in a referral this is to show the agencies that we have made contact with that family or that we have tried to contact the family and after 4 weeks we are unable to reach them. Information events – I feel that this is not really effective as we work on catchment areas and this is very hard to have an event in a general area, it has to be within the area, as we do not like to turn people away that may be interested in the service, as when agencies send in referrals they have a list of streets that is inside the catchment area and only if there is a need then they can be outside the area. Propose to improvements to communications systems for partnership working I do believe that communication within waterside Surestart has got a lot better in the last year, I feel that this has a great deal to do with our new manager, she has gained the trust and respect of the staff and in return it is a pleasure to work with. I feel that I have a great leader to follow and learn a great deal from. The only improvement that could be made is that a leaflet could be drawn up for families that are outside the catchment area so that they leave with something rather than going away with no information (this is in the process on being done). I am also assisting the upgrade of the referral response form so that families sign this form so that we have permission to hold their information and that we are allow to send the form back to the referrer. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communications 4. Be able to use systems for effective information management 4. 1 Explain legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information Working with in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I know that confidentiality is very important. It’s important for agencies and services users to build a trusting relationship with me. I am very honest with the people I work with, when I am completing a registration form with parents I do tell them that their details will stay in a locked filing cabinet for 7 years, that there information is stored on a database password protected until there child/ren turn 4. I also let the parents know that under the data protection act they are able to see their file at any time. Parents also sign a form that we are able to share information with the health visitor and other agencies involved if we have any concerns regarding the child or parents. When I have taking programmes with parents I also start with group rules. Confidentiality always comes up, I always tell parents that whatever is discussed at the group I do not take it outside of the group, I can only speak for myself but that I would hope that everyone would stand by this too. I also always make it very clear to parents that if anything is discussed or disclosed any information regarding harm or danger or abuse to a child/ren then I will past this information on to my manger and the appropriate authorises. I feel that if I am honest with all the people that I work with then I do believe that you build up a trust and that by law I have to report and record all that is disclosed to me, although I did have a parent in the past that did not understand this, they felt that I was just reporting them to social services and she believed that social services where there to take her child away. This lady did not return to Surestart as what she disclosed I had to discuss with my manger. Analyse the essential features of information sharing agreements within and between organisations Under the data protection act 1998, the purpose of the act is to protect the rights and privacy of individuals and to ensure that data about them are not processed without their knowledge and are processed with their consent whenever possible, this act covers personal data held in electronic formats, manual data and relevant filing systems. Surestart has devised a form that has recently been updated by my colleagues and myself, this form is where we get service users to sign that they agree Surestart is able to keep their details in a secure place for up to seven years, and that if we had any concerns regarding the child that we would contact the appropriate service also that if there is a social worker involved that we are able to update them on any programmes they attend for case review meetings. Health visitors would send in referral form with parent’s consent, what happens is we then phone that family and do a home visit and in that visit we fill out the Surestart forms with the families details on it, the consent for is then signed and sent back to the health visitor to say we have completed a visit this is what programmes they would like to attend, I would also send back a form to the heath visitor if that family did not wish to avail of Surestart services or that I could not reach them. These forms are kept with the registration and filed in a locked cabinet. When I am facilitating a programme within Surestart I always do group rules, parents can put what they like on it, confidentially always comes up, I just remind parents that what happens in the group will stay in the group with me, but I can only speak for myself and not the rest of the group and I do tell them that It would not be nice to hear anyone talking bad about another parent. I do inform the parents that if there anything disclosed within the group that has caused abuse of harm to a child them I am bound by action for children policies and procedures and under the children order act 1995 to past this information on to my manger and the appropriate services, I do tell the parents that I would discuss this with them before I reported what I have heard. Demonstrate use of information management systems that meet legal and ethical requirement Under the data protection act 1998 Surestart need permission to hold data on the families that I work with, how this is done  is that all parents have to sign the registration form and also the consent for their details to be stored according to action for children policies and procedures, which is that their details are stored for up to seven years, in a locked filing cabinet and up to four years on the Surestart database. Under the children’s order 1995 I am bound to report anything that I have heard or seen that my or has caused harm to a child. This would also be discussed with the parent/s what information I would be passing on to my manger. This also gives the parent an opportunity to explain. The information my lead to a referral been made to social services.

US-South Korean Relations: A New Era of Cooperation

President Carter stated in a secret memorandum at the beginning of his administration that â€Å"U. S. – Korean relations as determined by Congress and American people are at an all time low. † This statement, coupled with his iron determination to withdraw forces from South Korea, reflected the end of what is often known as the â€Å"Golden Age† of Korean-American relations. During Park Chung Hee†s 18-year authoritarian reign over South Korea, the late 1970s portray a complex web of alliance relations and tumultuous security commitment that threatened the overall strength of the two allies. Constant U. S. intervention and attempts to influence Korea†s political process were met with massive resistance and did not deter then president Park from steadfastly continuing his Yushin system of authoritarian rule until his sudden assassination in 1979 (Gleysteen 4). However, the decades following the 1970s portray yet another shift in Korean-American relations. Once opposed to Western style democracy, the government of the 1990s (namely, Kim Dae Jung) has shed its authoritarian foundation and now supports a policy that reflects the ideals of Western democracy. South Korea has effectively put into place a system of democracy that will now be difficult to overturn, if anyone should ever again try. Although unsuccessful in the 1970s, the U. S. has finally realized its primary goal of political liberalization in South Korea. In this paper, I will discuss the relations between Korea and the U. S. in the late 1970s and the factors that led to tensions in alliance; mainly, differing political ideologies. Then, I will elaborate on the great strides Korea has made in achieving democracy, therefore lessening the political gap between Korea and the Western nations. I will do so by presenting Kim Dae Jung†s strongly democratic vision of Korea among opposing viewpoints. By analyzing his response to Lew Kwan Yew†s generally anti-Western democracy stance, one is able to discern the similarities in political thought that bridged the seemingly irreparable gap rendered during the Park Chung Hee rule. The differences in these two political leaders effectively portray the opposite ends of the political spectrum and show the changes in government Korea has made during the governments of Park and Kim. Upon Park Chung Hee†s rise to power following the military coup of 1961, it was inevitable that Korea would not follow a trend towards democracy. Given Park†s military background, Confucian heritage and Japanese education, there was nothing in his history to suggest that he would embrace democracy American-style. In fact, he considered this practice to be â€Å"inconvenient and unproductive† (Oberdorfer 32). A U. S. military assessment noted: From the time he led the 1961 coup, it has been evident that President Park had little admiration for or interest in the craft of politics. His approach to his stewardship as ROK head of state has remained that of a general who desires that his orders be carried out without being subjected to the process of political debate (Oberdorfer 33). Although heavy U. S. ressure influenced Park to return to nominal civilian rule following his coup, one can see that from the beginning there were prominent factors that foreshadowed the clash of ideologies to come. Park began his most anti-democratic line of rule in 1972 with the advent of his â€Å"Yushin† system that disbanded the National Assembly, declared martial law, discarded the existing Constitution and prepared for indirect election of the president. To silence opposition, Park arrested many of the senior political leaders of the country. He justified this radical line of rule by declaring that they were â€Å"revitalizing reforms† that were necessary to strengthen and unify the nation to prepare for possible Northern invasion and maintain national independence (Oberdorfer 38). All pretense of a civilian government was thus ended by this blatant grab for complete authoritarian power. Following a policy that encouraged gradually lower levels of U. S. engagement with Korea, the U. S. responded to this maneuver by stating that they had not been consulted or involved in Park†s actions and would seek to avoid involvement in Korea†s internal affairs (Oberdorfer 41). In effect, the U. S. was attempting to not endorse the Yushin plan as a whole by following a policy of disassociation that diminished the role of the U. S. in Korea†s political system. U. S. involvement, while always present, became significantly more intrusive with President Carter†s rise to office in 1976. At this time, America†s reaction against military commitments abroad were seen for the first time since the Vietnam disaster when President Carter advocated the withdrawal of U. S. troops from Korea almost immediately following his inception into office. Korea was, of course, adamantly against this maneuver and Carter†s own government displayed opposition to such a drastic move. However, for undetermined reasons, Carter remained steadfast in this course of action for almost the entire duration of his office. Although the administration and Congress opposed the immediate withdrawal of U. S. forces, they were not against the idea of using the issue to induce a process of liberalization. However, they had to be careful in their suggestions so as to not provoke a nationalist and regressive reaction. The U. S. ought to do this by attempting to recover strained relations with Park, hoping it would lead to gradual democratization by a friendly and understated counsel. Park too hoped to end the awkward relations with the U. S. but sought to maintain U. S. support without changing his ruling style. He proposed a summit with Carter in January 1979 but rejected Western style democracy as unsuitable to Korea. Although both sides wanted to return to the friendly relations of the past, misperceptions regarding the other†s government led to escalating tensions (Gleysteen 6). The political interplay was such that Park believed that the U. S. policy toward Korea would shift from human rights and democratization to security, whereas the Carter administration gradually adopted a flexible status quo policy linked to a strategy of offensive intervention. These exchanges in misperceived intentions and mutual suspicions spiraled into political turmoil that culminated in the shocking assassination of Park in 1979. There can be no doubt that although the U. S. pparently had not direct involvement in the assassination, its public statements and support of the opposition helped to fuel and enhance the struggle for Park†s demise. The fall of the Park regime and the â€Å"Carter Chill† are interdependent, and the decline of the Triangular Alliance Security System (TASS) is apparent as Korean politics continued to deviate from U. S. interests. There is a fundamental lack of compromise and miscommunication between the Carter and Park administrations that led to the detrimental effect of unsteady alliance. With this level of tension and uncertainty, relations can only be strained and self-defeating, for they are only encouraging instability in the very region that both are trying to maintain peace in. Judging by the transition of Korean-American relations and the dismal conclusion in 1979, neither side was entirely successful in securing their interests and maintaining a cohesive alliance management. However, the shift to democracy (and consequently, united Korean-American interests) came in 1987 when Korea held its first popular ballot since Park Chung Hee†s narrow victory in 1971. Since then, Korea has been on a sometimes shaky but determined road to continue democracy that appears to have no end. We see this commitment to democracy in current President Kim Dae Jung, who has had a long and remarkable history in advocating democracy. Throughout his long and volatile political career, Kim has remained staunchly dedicated to his belief in democracy despite constant threat and repression. Kim came very close to winning the popular ballot in 1971 against Park Chung Hee and it was no secret that Park despised and feared him. He was abducted by Park†s KCIA in Tokyo and brought back to Seoul bound and gagged, after which he was placed under house arrests and later imprisoned. After Park, Chun continued the vengeance by having Kim arrested and sentenced to death. It was only with the influence of the Reagan administration that Chun reluctantly allowed Kim to live. Prior to 1987, there had been only 2 months since his kidnapping fourteen years earlier when he had been free of house arrest, prison, exile, or some other serious official restriction. In these years of adversity, Kim has had the opportunity to strengthen his convictions and answer major questions facing Korea (Oberdorfer 177). When Kim Dae Jung assumed power as President in 1997, many thought finally. After a political career that has spanned more than 4 decades, Kim was finally able to implement his democratic ideals. Kim was also a U. S. favorite for the presidency for it meant that Korea would strengthen its democratic government and Korea would have a president that the U. S. ould relate to – unlike Park Chung Hee in the 1970s. Overall, Kim†s ascension into the presidency signified increasingly harmonious Korean-American relations into the 21st century. There is perhaps no better assurance of Korean-American political compatibility in the 1990s than Kim Dae Jung†s article that appeared in Foreign Affairs magazine in late 1994. In order to understand Kim Dae Jung†s adamantly pro-democracy article titled, â€Å"Is Culture Destiny? † one must first understand the Lee Kwan Yew interview that provoked it. In his interview with Foreign Affairs in early 1994, Lee Kwan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore, stated his belief that the primary reason that Asian countries cannot adopt Western democracy is due to the inherent differences in culture. In response, Korean President Kim Dae Jung argues that Asian culture does not oppose the ideals of democracy, but rather, enhances it. He believes that Asian culture in no way hinders the progress of democracy and the resistance of authoritarian leaders and their supporters only obstructs incorporation of such a culture into democracy. And above all, Kim supports the ideals of democracy and promotes it fully throughout his article. Kim asserts that though Lee stresses cultural values throughout his interview, that alone does not determine a country†s fate. Furthermore, he believes that Lee†s view is not only unsupportable but also self-serving. Throughout the article, Kim disputes Lee†s arguments of incompatibility and implies that Lee†s â€Å"democracy is incompatible with Eastern culture† argument is only used to justify his personal anti-democratic beliefs. The effects of Kim†s history of political oppression and opposition against authoritarianism can be seen throughout this response. In reply to Lee†s view that an individual exists within the context of the family, Kim points out that industrialization has brought the inevitable consequence of self-centered individualism. Also, Lee†s statement that â€Å"the ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides,† rejects what he perceives as the intrusive nature of Western governments. In it, Lee claims that this intrusiveness is not suited for family-oriented East Asia. However, Kim argues that this is not true, for East Asian government are much more intrusive than Western governments into the daily affairs of their people. Whereas Western people exercise much more individual liberties than Eastern people, the Eastern governments tend to limit individual behavior. Singapore, for example, strictly regulates activities such as gum chewing, spitting, and littering. Lee even dislikes the â€Å"one man, one vote† principle that Kim states is a fundamental part of democracy, saying that he is not â€Å"intellectually convinced† that it is best (Kim 190). Kim goes on to argue that though he cannot disagree with Lee†s objection to forcing an alien system indiscriminately upon societies in which it will not work, he questions the extent to which democracy is alien to Asian cultures. Contrary to Lee, Kim believes that Asian culture in fact enhances democracy and even contains underlying foundations that are essentially democratic in nature. Similar to the Lockean foundation of modern democracy that gives sovereign right to the people and leaders a mandate to govern through a social contract that the people can withdraw, Asia also has a similar philosophy. Chinese philosopher Meng-tzu preached that the king is the Son of Heaven and is given a Mandate of Heaven to provide government for the good of the people. If he did not do so, the people had the right to rebel and overthrow the government in the name of heaven. A native religion of Korea further advocated that â€Å"man is heaven† and one must serve man as he does heaven (Kim 190). Kim also describes the ancient political systems of China and Korea in which the government practiced the rule of law and saw to it that all citizens were treated fairly. Powerful boards of censors supported freedom of speech by checking imperial misrule and abuses by government officials. Therefore, he says, the fundamental ideas and traditions necessary for democracy exist in both Europe and Asia. Many Asian countries, including Singapore, became prosperous after they adopted a Western style of free-market economy, which is also an integral part of democracy. In countries where economic prosperity preceded political advancement, it was only a matter of time before democracy followed. The best proof that democracy can work in East Asia, Kim says, can be seen in the fact that despite the resistance of authoritarian leaders, Asia has achieved the most remarkable record of democratization of any region since 1974. This achievement has only been overshadowed by Asia†s tremendous economic success. Kim uses the finding of experts who claim that the new economic world order requires guaranteed freedom of information and creativity, things that are only possible within a democracy. Thus, Kim maintains, Asia has no alternative to democracy because it is also a matter of survival in an increasingly competitive world (Kim 192-193). Much to the U. S. â€Å"s pleasure, Kim suggests that Asia look towards the models of the democracy in the West and learn from their successes and failures. He advocates a â€Å"rebirth of democracy that promotes freedom, prosperity, and justice both within each country and among nations, (193)† and using the traditional strengths of Asian society to better the implementation of democracy. Kim says, â€Å"such a democracy is the only true expression of a people, but it requires the full participation of all elements of society. Only then will it have legitimacy and reflect a country†s vision. † Policies which strive to protect people from the negative effects of economic and social change will never be effective if imposed without consent, but those same policies will have the strength of Asia†s people if decided through public debate. Furthermore, Kim advocates the need to strive towards a new democracy that guarantees the right of personal development for all human beings and the wholesome existence of all living this. As a whole, Asia should firmly establish democracy and strengthen human rights. The biggest obstacle to democracy, Kim asserts, lies not within culture but within authoritarian governments. Coming at the brink of a political comeback, Kim†s article was in many ways pivotally timed to gain the support of the international community as well as the majority desiring Korean democracy. Through his support of public voice, direct elections, and humanitarian policies, one can clearly see the enormous change in Korean-American political interplay during the course of two decades. Judging by the strength of Korean-American relations in the 1990s in comparison to the faltering one of the late 1970s, one can reasonably conclude that similar principles (rule of law, popular elections, freedom of press and speech) prove successful in stabilizing alliance management. The more positive image of Korea to Americans as the Koreans democratize versus all the scandals (Koreagate) and human rights violations of the 1970s have also served to improve the image of Korea to Americans. Parallel trains of political thought and an enhanced Korean image in America have helped to make the Korean-American alliance far more beneficial and reliable than it was before Park†s demise, when it was feared that relations were irreparably deteriorated. More than any other president in Korea†s history, Kim Dae Jung personifies the ideals of Western style democracy. In direct contrast to Park Chung Hee†s rule in the 1970s, Kim Dae Jung supports a political policy that embraces Western ideology. The fundamental points within his argument are in line with primary U. S. interests of democratization, so it is easy to see why Americans would welcome Kim as Korea†s leader. Twice in his political history the U. S. intervened to save Kim†s life and they further showed their support more recently when they pledged economic aid and support for Kim†s reforms. Thus, the 1990s have seen the vast improvement and strengthening of Korean-American relations while Korea progresses to become independent of the U. S. Democratization is well on its way and unlikely to regress, and Korean-American relations steadily continue to improve. No longer is their alliance merely one in which Korea is a junior ally unable to exert much influence – Korea has gradually been able to test the limits of their alliance and exercise more power than ever before. An alliance that started as a U. S. security interest has evolved to become a more interdependent one in which both states will reap the benefits. Kim Dae Jung†s parting comment, if followed, will forever bind the U. S. and Korea as allies with the same political vison – â€Å"Culture is not necessarily our destiny. Democracy is† (194).

Investigating Financial Control Essays

Investigating Financial Control Essays Investigating Financial Control Essay Investigating Financial Control Essay The business Ill be examining and find out their objectives and aims is Sainsbury. Sainsbury is a retail store that was founded in 1869 by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury and it is Britains longest-standing major food retailing chain. They opened their first small dairy shop at 173 Drury Lane, London. Drury Lane was one of Londons poorest areas and the Sainsburys shop quickly became popular for offering high-quality products at low prices. It was so successful that further branches were opened in other market streets in Stepney, Islington and Kentish Town. In addition, their head office is in J Sainsbury plc, 33 Holborn, London, EC1 N2HT.By 1882, John James Sainsbury had four shops and had plans to expand his business further. He opened a depot in Kentish Town, north-west London, to supply this growing chain and, on the same site, built bacon kilns that produced the first Sainsbury brand product. It was also in 1882 that John James opened his first branch in the prosperous suburb o f Croydon. This shop sold a wide range of high-class provisions and was more elaborately decorated than the earlier shops. However, between 1890 and 1900 the number of Sainsburys branches increased from 16 to 48.In addition to a wide range of quality food and grocery products, many stores offer bread baked on the premises, delicatessen, meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shops, restaurants and petrol stations. There are over 14 million people that shop at Sainsburys supermarkets regularly and there are 721 stores throughout the UK. Over 10.3 million aluminium cans are recycled at Sainsburys stores each year along with 22,000 tonnes of glass.J Sainsbury plc is one of the UK and USs leading food retailers with interests in financial services and property. Sainsburys is the parent organisation controlling these operating companies and they are:* Sainsburys supermarkets* Sainsburys bank in the UK* Shaws Supermarkets* Star Market in the US* Sainsburys Development* Sainsburys prop erty companySainsburys goal isTo deliver an ever-improving shopping experience for customers with greater product at fair pricesSainsburys mission isTo be the consumers first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and togetherSainsburys has got a lot of different aims. One of the aims is:* To exceed customer expectations for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food making their lives easier every day.Sainsburys has also got a lot of different objectives. One of the objectives is:* To meet customers needs effectively and in addition provide shareholders with good, sustainable financial returnsSainsburys main products are supermarket/grocery products, retail banking services, and retail property development services. Sainsburys are committed in providing food at the highest quality that is not only delicious but also safe for everyone. The range of customers is the public; it is a store that is ope n to everyone. Sainsburys sells almost all types of products, for example:* Milk* Bakery products* All types of food* Toiletries* Canned food, etcSainsbury provides employees with a stimulating and well-equipped working environment. According to one of the departmental head, he stated that Making teamwork work should be the goals of a lot of organisations in order to make use of all employees strengths to improve the organisation as a whole.TransactionsIs a method of buying or selling goods and it could also be a way of purchasing money from one person to another. It can also be a technique of transferring services from one business to another.Transaction from customersThere are different ways in which customers purchases their goods. It could either be by cash and debit or credit card. Furthermore, most customers pay by debit or credit card because they feel more convenient and they could always get limited cash from the store when they are paying for their shopping and then the st aff records it on to the till and also their receipt.Transaction Manual recordingThis is when a ccutomer purchases goods from the store and then he/she pays by credti or debit card. After paying for the items with the credit or debit card, the customer recieves a receipt to sign and then when he/she signs the receipt, the staff checks the receipt with the card given by the customer to be sure its the right signature and the signed reciept is being kept with other customers receipt. However this is copy of the store and everything is being recorded at the end of the day.Transaction Electronic recordingIf a customer made purchses with cash, credit or debit it is automatically registered in the cash register and this is recorded electronically. This process is easy because at the end of the day the business would know how much money theyve made and they could easily retrieve information on the system for future references.The effectiveness and security of recording transaction mauall y and electronicallyManual recording is effective because its way of recording transaction easily and faster by customers purchasing items from the store. In addition, all the receipts should be kept for future references at the end of the day and they should be stored in a safe and dry place.Manual recording is not secure due to some certain reasons like if:* Customers reciepts could be lost.* Receipts may not be handled with proper care, that is, a staff could put it in the bin without taking note that it is still a receipt that could be useful for the future.* Time is being wasted because it takes a lot of time to record transaction of customers.* Receipts could get wet mistakely by staff.* Staff could forget to record transaction.Electronic recording is effective because it saves a lot of time. Whenever a transaction is made it is automatically recorded on to the main system. In addition, customers see how much theyve spent whenever a transaction is being processed for them.Elec tronic recording is not secure because when the system crashes, most of the transaction information being recorded could be lost. When typing in the payment made by customers, the wrong amount of money could be recorded and this could lead to difficulty when trying to retrieve customers payments on the products purchased from the store.Task 2They are different ways in which fraud could occur in Sainsburys and they are:* Fraud could occur in this business when any of the staff gives out the security code for some certain information.* Fraud could take place when a staff obtains money from the company, cashier or till.* When some basic equipments or products are being taken out without anyone knowing.* When purchases made by customer, purchases made by staff and sales to customers are not recorded.* Fraud could occur when a staff gives out a product to family, peers without payment.* When customers or staff walks out from the store with some certain products without paying.* When staf f or customer eats or drinks a certain product form the store without payment.* Fraud could occur when staff doesnt record a purchase made by customer.* It could occur when prices of products are beind reduced for some family or peers without recording.* Where the companys equipment is used for inappropriate personal use or log in to some confidential information, e.g. access to the computer and the changing some information on spreadsheets or database.Task 3Prevention of fraud could be avoided in different ways in Sainsburys and they are:Fraud monitoring serviceIf Sainsburys staff sees unusual transactions appearing on a customers card and become suspicious that someone is using his/her card or card details without the customers knowledge, Sainsburys company would as soon as possible to check whether the customer made the recent expenditures. The business organisation has also a contact number to call in case of any fraud, which is 0845 355 0866.Free online guaranteeIf a transactio n is using a customers details and has been carried out on the Internet without the knowledge or consent of the customer, Sainsburys organization take this case serious by providing a free online guarantee to safeguard against malicious card use.Chip and PINAs in this modern time, there are all new credit and debit cards, customers Sainsburys Bank credit card comes with the added security of Chip and PIN. This is a simple way to pay for shopping that doesnt involve signing a receipt. When paying for something, the customer needs to have or do is entering a 4-digit personal identification number (PIN) this is just as using a cash machine. This is a PIN that will be personal to the customer; it will make counterfeiting almost impossible, keeping all customers transactions secure. All customers can change their PIN to make it easier to remember or if anyone knows their PIN and they want to change it for security. If a customer wants to change his/her PIN, they could visit any Sainsbur ys Bank, Halifax or Bank of Scotland cash machine and simply follow the on screen instructions.Sainsburys strongly advise that customers never write down or tell anyone their credit card PIN number. In addition, customers should never give their card, or card number, to anyone unless they are giving them payment details. There is also a contact number, which is 0845 300 0344* in case a customer thinks anyone is in a position to use their card without their permission.Public ActionThe company encourages members of the public or staffs that if they presume fraud and corruption, they should contact anyone in a higher rank in the store, that is the Chief Executive, Manager or security.My source of information was from www.sainsburybank.co.ukFraud could also be prevented through this ways too, which are:o Staffs are trainned on how to recognise shop lifters.o CCTV cameras are being installed.o Before employees are employed, their personal record are being checked for any criminal record before they are employed.o Security gaurds.o At the start and at the end of sales for the day, stock are being doubled checked in order to make sure everything is in perfect and not missing.This is an appendix of Sainsburys group profit and loss account to show how much the business has gained and lost through sales.

sugars and carbohydrates essays

sugars and carbohydrates essays Carbohydrates are present in sugars, starch, acids, and in many other nutrients that consist elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a ratio of 1: 2: 1 or written as CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is a "simple" carbohydrate. Containing backbone of five carbon atoms that are present in ribose and deoxyribose, components of RNA and DNA. Glucose a six carbon atom that is common cellulose, starch, and glycogen are classified as polysaccharide, Known as a "complex" carbohydrate, with straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers. These categories of carbohydrates are tested in two laboratory experiments. It will allow us (my partner and I) to detect the presence of sugar or starch. The first test, using two different solutions to expose the presence of sugar or starch by color alteration. I hypothesize that both samples of the experiment will result differently in order to pursue the next test. The second test consists of 9 food items, identifying t he appearance of sugar or starch. I guess in identifying 75% out of the 9 items right. Conducting both experiments will test my hypotheses either right or wrong. The first experiment on simple and complex carbohydrates, several tools and liquids were obtained: two test tubes, spot plate, test tube holder, benedicts reagent, lugol's iodine, 10% karo syrup solution, 1% starch solution. In a test tube (holding it with a test tube holder,) my partner fills 1 cm from the bottom of 10% karo syrup solution. With the benedicts reagent I gently add four drops, then quickly placed the tube in 98 degrees of boiling water, at 3:17p.m. While waiting for 3 minutes, we noticed that before placing the tube in the boiling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo syrup was blue. After heating, we observed at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict solution activated and turned yellow. Which meant that sugar (simple carbohydrate) was present in th ...

Secrets of Cheating Revealed and Myths Dispelled

Secrets of Cheating Revealed and Myths Dispelled School Cheating: A Cause of Students’ Troubles or Its Consequence? People tend to blame wrongdoers by default, leaving circumstances and motivations aside. Usually, it is a plausible way to evaluate a situation, but sometimes, a second thought is needed, like in case with school cheating. But what is cheating, why does it exist, how does it affect students’ skills and can it be prevented (and should it)? We will try to find answers to these questions in the following article, so read on. What Is Cheating and Why Does It Exist Among Students? Cheating is copying home tasks from other students, from the web or asking for other students’ help while sitting the exams or midterm tests (and other kinds of assessment). Cheating is blamed on the laziness of students and is supposed to mean their total educational failure since they cannot cope with the material and so ‘steal’ it from the others. But cheating has existed probably as long as students and teachers themselves. People with excellent grades and records have poor jobs, and people who dropped from their schools or hardly managed to graduate then build successful careers and create cool things. So it looks like getting good grades or completing all homework individually does not guarantee success and vice versa. So, well, cheating is not an indication of academic failure. It indicates something else. But what? It points to the extreme loads of duties and expectations placed on children and to the total inability of the education system to account for natural capacities and limits children have. It also indicates that inbuilt creativity and smartness of children still exist, and it helps children rig the system that is rigged against them, in the first place. Put in less complicated words, if children are expected to accomplish things that are basically un-accomplishable, they will find the way out. If homework is so big that it is impossible to cope with it for the majority of students, they will find the way to obtain it from smarter and more persistent classmates or will complete parts of work and exchange these parts between themselves, so that everyone gets a complete work. Anyway, in a system where grades mean everything and knowledge and understanding mean nothing, cheating is only one of the logical step kids take to help themselves out. Common Misconceptions About Cheating Cheating is for lazy. No. Time and efforts spent on preparation of cheats are as labor intense as any other intellectual activity. Some may argue that students better be learning with this intensity, but teachers today assess not knowledge but very formal markers of knowledge, and students provide what is required from them. Cheating does nothing to improve knowledge and just brings students undeserved grades. – No. While copying homework or preparing cheats for tests students repeat the material and learn at least basics of stuff that they will not get otherwise. Cheating outwardly harms learning process. – No. It improves it. Students exchange, copy, repeat, go over the stuff, read, select, and in general do things they are supposed to do at school. Cheating makes students stupid. – Big no. Just imagine how much creativity and skills are required to prepare cheats and to use them. It requires self-control, discreetness, resistance to stress, ingenuity and many more traits that are absolutely necessary in our agile and unstable world. So instead of memorizing stuff, they do not understand, students learn skills they will apply anywhere – and be praised as valuable workers. Cheating is unethical. – If assessing formal criteria (like writing all answers to problems in a column) instead of assessing the correctness of answers and creativity of thinking is OK from an ethical viewpoint, then cheating as an adequate solution is ethical as well. Surprising Upsides to Cheating for Children Cheating is training in itself, and even more intense and useful training than writing letters or memorizing poems. To cheat, children, even in elementary school, need to develop and possess the following skills (and can every adult boast of having them all?): concentration attention to details memorizing things heard or seen only once (catching a glimpse in a mate’s handout, for example) caution fast reaction We can bet that every adult would want to develop these traits in themselves and see them develop in their kids. Hence cheating is a very positive booster for these skills – and not only for the classroom. Homework is actually useless and even dangerous for kids Despite the traditional belief into the usefulness of loads of homework, the reasons behind giving it are more of wishful thinking kind than of true science. Indeed, older students can benefit from limited amounts of homework, but not young kids and middle schoolers. Recent experiments on canceling homework altogether show that students in such classes show the same level of academic success and failures as students who perform homework daily. So what’s the sense? Besides, along being mostly useless, unregulated and abundant homework is outwardly harmful to the mental and physical health of kids. Homework harms kids’ health significantly by stealing their sleep and play/rest time. A school day is almost equal to a workday, but after this day kids are expected to work even more, and it is called ‘time management’, not overtime work, like it should be. Children lack sleep, lack exercise and simply relaxation time, they get mental health problems, anxieties, chronic fatigue, eating disorders, all for the sake of turning in an assignment that no one will bother to check. Homework steals time. Kids have their whole day mapped out for them, with no time to be kids or teens, they are treated like adults in regard to responsibilities but dismissed as children when it comes to their wishes and needs. Not very progressive approach. Hometask is also believed to discipline kids, teach them to order, but the world needs creativity today, and structured time filled with boring useless tasks is a killer of creativity. According to Alfie Cohn, a researcher, and many other reliable investigations, the impact of homework on academic success is almost negligible. So why is the practice of homework so persistent? Just because of habit? Homework destroys peace with parents. Teens already have it hard during their transition from childhood to adulthood. Homework is one more stumbling stone that makes kid and parents argue. Parents believe that teachers know what they do when they give that much homework (but it looks like they don’t). So parents make kids do every assignment instead of relaxing, watching TV or socializing. That’s enough to spark a quarrel. Sometimes parents try to help kids do cope with tasks, but parents have long forgotten the school stuff (or did not learn it properly anyway). Besides, they are not teachers and do not have skills and patience to explain and help properly, on a level accessible to a child. So instead of help, new trouble of miscommunication arises. Cheating Is a Symptom of the Problem, Not a Cause So what is the conclusion? Cheating time, everyone? Definitely, no, it is not. Students do need to learn and understand school subjects properly to be able to study in college and then move on to work. But cheating persistently indicates that the education system does not work the way it should, and instead of gaining skills students employ cheating tactics to get high grades that are demanded by parents, teachers and state/federal education bodies. If the system becomes more productive and inspiring, with less stress on failure and more pressure on the joy of discovery and learning something new, then cheating will become a negligent percentage of students’ activities. As of today, it is a bailout gear that helps students stay afloat in the modern schooling system and not lose their mind completely. Need help, and no friend can help you? Let us be your friends and provide you with a completed assignment or paper that will bail you out and bring you positive grades – and maybe some long-needed rest.

An article you choose to critique such as how or why college degrees

An you choose to critique such as how or why college degrees are becoming worthless - Article Example The paper would assess the strengths and weaknesses of the argumentative article especially in light of the methodology or approach used by the authors to defend the argument or thesis. The article supports the argumentative thesis that over last two decades the jobs available in the market require low skill and provide low-wage and recent graduates have no option other than accepting these jobs. This has especially ensued after the 2001 recession. The article is based upon secondary sources and data obtained from U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics and Current Population Survey. Data pertaining to recent college graduates with at least one bachelor’s degree have been considered for the analysis, and those who have joined school have been excluded from the data set since they are voluntarily staying out of the job market. The span taken for the study is from 1990 to 2013. Their analysis also reveals the fact that after the recession in 2001 and 2007-09, the level of unemployment has increased manifold and also the fresh graduates have to opt for part-time jobs or jobs which are not at par with their skill/education qualification and also wit h low wages. Unemployment rates for college students of different age groups have been considered. An age unemployment relation plotted shows an inverse association. Hence as graduates move from school into the labor market it is found that unemployment falls. Only after 2010 the market began to improve. In the report Abel, Deitz and Su have mentioned that recent graduates who study application oriented subject or have major in health or education find themselves in slightly better potential for jobs than others. The authors in this journalistic piece of writing give the statistical details in order of priority with a clear, confident and unpretentious tone. Such quantitative visual

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example In simple terms, the vision and mission of an organization outlines future targets and explicates where the organization wants to be in a specific timeframe. Therefore, analyzing the vision and mission would help identify factors hindering the achievement of projected targets, factors supporting or facilitating achievement of positive results, as well as gaps that would need further action. Doris, I concur with your discussion. in that communication, monitoring, and continued assessment are imperative factors in identification of obstacles and strong points. Ghazinoory, Abdi and Azadegan-Mehr (2011, p.24) define SWOT analysis as "A widely used tool for analyzing internal and external environments in order to attain a systematic approach and support for decision situations". The y further outline internal factors to include operations as they are factors that the organization has control over (Ghazinoory, Abdi and Azadegan-Mehr, 2011). In reference to your unmet need, monitoring patients falls through distance video monitoring is prove that the environment is being analyzed. When falls are identified and the cause identified, informing the management is important as they are the primary decision makers. By informing the management, action plans can be implemented to help reduce the falls. In this regard, I agree that continual communication with Directors of Resource Ma nagement and Professional Practice is essential in SWOT analysis. Hamidi, K., &Delbahari, V. (2011). Formulating a strategy for a university using SWOT technique: A case study. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 5(12), 264– 276. Retrieved from

MNE should stop outsourcing to developing countries 2 Assignment

MNE should stop outsourcing to developing countries 2 - Assignment Example The information collected will then be analyzed using tables and graphs. As competition continues to be tough, organizations are seeking to counter challenges presented by the ever-changing environment by frequently coming up with strategies that will ensure effective performance. One of such strategies is outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the practice of entrusting part or whole of an organization’s function or process to a supplier. There has been great concern regarding the negative impacts that such a move can pose to an organization in terms of employee performance. For instance, Rosheen and Hammayoun assert that the practice of outsourcing may lead to grave effects on employee commitment and loyalty because the outsourced agencies may not be well aware of the organizations culture, values, and goals. The term â€Å"Multinational Enterprise (MNE)† denotes a kind of firm, which has its headquarters in only one country but has operations in several other nations. In other words, organizations’ that have their own production and/or service accommodations in one or more than one nation apart from home country is known as a multinational enterprise (Dunning and Lundan 3-5). Organizations strive to cut on costs by employing the outsourcing technique in order to stay competitive as well as maintaining a strong financial base. However, Bockerman and Marilanta suggest that the short-term costs occasioned by adjustments as a result of outsourcing, lead to resentment from employees. This will in turn have negative effects on the level of job satisfaction among the employees of an organization. In this regard, it is observed that outsourcing has become a key strategy for the multinational enterprises. In accordance with Wladimir Andreff (2009), multinational enterprises strateg ies are actually influenced by certain theoretical models; among them John

Fast Food Centre in Bangalore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fast Food Centre in Bangalore - Research Paper Example This is then followed by a conclusion explaining why Wendy's International Inc., one of the largest fast food chains of the world must consider this location. M. G. Road is one of the busiest roads in the city of Bangalore and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets and restaurants. It runs from Trinity Circle at one end to Anil Kumble Circle at the other. It has many office buildings, shops and theatres. It is also a home to a large number of buildings and banks. Many Indian cities (including New Delhi and Mumbai) have an M. G. road, and in general there is no linkage between these various roads (except that in many cases, these happen to be the busiest part of the city). India, as the world sees it, is a developing country, showing great progress in its economy. Many MNCs of various industries have turned their attention towards India.The Indian middle class has grown so affluent that they can easily afford to eat out more often compared to a decade ago. In fact, according to a McKinsey report, the Indian food industry grew faster than the information technology industry over the last 10 years. Consumerism is big business in India. There will be 628 million middle-class Indians by 2015. And already, their net income has doubled over the last 10 years. Every multinational company now wants to sell in India. Some companies have failed and others succeeded. The ones that failed did so because they were not sensitive to the cultural factors that affect consumer behaviour in India. One of the key reasons for the increased consumption is the impressive growth of the middle class. At the start of 1999, the size of the middle class was unofficially estimated at 300 million people, larger than the entire population of the United States. And this figure is expected to grow to 445 million by 2006. A detailed survey undertaken by the economic think tank NCAER provides a quick view on how the proportion of the middle segments (UM or upper middle, M or middle and LM or lower middle) has grown over the years since the opening up of the economy. BANGALORE- AN OPPORTUNITY The convergence of professional lifestyles with the demand for fast, tasty food served in a pleasant environment make fast food ventures a leading market area. Bangaloreans are not strangers to the culture of eating out on a regular basis. But such facilities are a definite departure from the traditional fast food outlets. A whole host of trendy, readymade and fast food outlets have mushroomed around Bangalore's new malls and up-market shopping areas catering to time-constrained professionals and the well off middle classes. These new fast food options are burgeoning in Bangalore, because they fit in with changing middle class

Quality of Service (QoS) in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Research Paper

Quality of Service (QoS) in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Applications - Research Paper Example The current levels of available reliability and performance will be assessed for their application to real life business applications. Keywords – Quality of Service, Service Oriented Architecture, QoS, SOA, reliability, performance, mathematical model I. Introduction Service oriented architecture (SOA) environments have gained popularity in recent years given their inherent flexibility and reusability. The typical SOA is structured around methods that promote software creation as interoperable services [1]. The various services used to construct a SOA are well-defined business functions. These business functions are construed as various software building blocks that can be used repeatedly to promote decreased development time and debugging effort [2]. Currently the SOA model is finding great appeal for web application development as well as grid computing [3]. The current speed of SOA architecture development indicates that SOA applications will dominate the future avenues of development. II. Quality of Service (QoS) and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) The most important method of describing a SOA’s characteristics in general is the quality of service (QoS) it offers [4]. The current development of the QoS concept sees divergence and some commonality depending on the various fields that employ SOAs. Most web based application SOAs require real time transfer rates such as for fiscal information transfer or multimedia applications. In contrast, other areas such as mobile grid computing see SOA QoS as a set of non-functional outputs that guarantee reliability [5]. The existing disparity between QoS definitions for SOA implementations in networking, web applications and grid computing mean that QoS needs to be defined in a more comprehensive yet unambiguous fashion. Most previous definitions of QoS promote the idea that only the best possible service levels can be classified as QoS [6]. However, more modern definitions of QoS contend that any leve l of services that meet user requirements can be classified as QoS for that particular application [7]. QoS can also be compared to Service Level Agreements (SLAs) where the user and the service provider agree upon acceptable levels of performance parameters such as functionality, costs etc. QoS for SOAs can be classified in the form of â€Å"request, specification, provision and negotiation† of some particular network features [7]. A typical SOA application may require QoS for the latency, the error rate, bandwidth, availability as well as the network security [8]. However, these characteristics alone should not be seen as describing the entire umbrella for QoS for SOAs. Instead, these characteristics form some of the characteristics of QoS for SOAs. Moreover, the QoS agreements would tend to vary from application to application in SOA depending on user requirements, functional expectations and non-functional expectations of the user [9]. For example, users accessing multime dia content through SOA applications would emphasize more on bandwidth than users dealing with defense applications through SOA who would emphasize more on reliability and security [10]. The classification method provided above for QoS in SOA applications is limited in scope. The QoS may be broken down into smaller metrics for further QoS classification. For example, jitter in network connection could be treated through consecutive difference in jitter or through the average jitter. The results from these metrics would tend to differ

Fast Food Centre in Bangalore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fast Food Centre in Bangalore - Research Paper Example This is then followed by a conclusion explaining why Wendy's International Inc., one of the largest fast food chains of the world must consider this location. M. G. Road is one of the busiest roads in the city of Bangalore and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets and restaurants. It runs from Trinity Circle at one end to Anil Kumble Circle at the other. It has many office buildings, shops and theatres. It is also a home to a large number of buildings and banks. Many Indian cities (including New Delhi and Mumbai) have an M. G. road, and in general there is no linkage between these various roads (except that in many cases, these happen to be the busiest part of the city). India, as the world sees it, is a developing country, showing great progress in its economy. Many MNCs of various industries have turned their attention towards India.The Indian middle class has grown so affluent that they can easily afford to eat out more often compared to a decade ago. In fact, according to a McKinsey report, the Indian food industry grew faster than the information technology industry over the last 10 years. Consumerism is big business in India. There will be 628 million middle-class Indians by 2015. And already, their net income has doubled over the last 10 years. Every multinational company now wants to sell in India. Some companies have failed and others succeeded. The ones that failed did so because they were not sensitive to the cultural factors that affect consumer behaviour in India. One of the key reasons for the increased consumption is the impressive growth of the middle class. At the start of 1999, the size of the middle class was unofficially estimated at 300 million people, larger than the entire population of the United States. And this figure is expected to grow to 445 million by 2006. A detailed survey undertaken by the economic think tank NCAER provides a quick view on how the proportion of the middle segments (UM or upper middle, M or middle and LM or lower middle) has grown over the years since the opening up of the economy. BANGALORE- AN OPPORTUNITY The convergence of professional lifestyles with the demand for fast, tasty food served in a pleasant environment make fast food ventures a leading market area. Bangaloreans are not strangers to the culture of eating out on a regular basis. But such facilities are a definite departure from the traditional fast food outlets. A whole host of trendy, readymade and fast food outlets have mushroomed around Bangalore's new malls and up-market shopping areas catering to time-constrained professionals and the well off middle classes. These new fast food options are burgeoning in Bangalore, because they fit in with changing middle class

U.S involvement in Colombia Drug War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S involvement in Colombia Drug War - Essay Example In that direction, the US authorities starting from 1980s focused on stopping the flow of drugs into the US from South America, particularly Columbia. Although, the US authorities initiated covert measures earlier, it was in the late 1990s, the US and the Columbian government officially formalized their anti-drug strategy under the term called Plan Columbia. So, the US’ involvement in Colombia under War on Drugs will be focused here, starting with the discussion of Columbia’s drug background and the early US strategy, followed by military and other actions taken by the US and Columbia as part of Plan Columbia, and finally the results of that plan. Drugs abuse is one of the serious social problems that has affected and is still affecting many societies of the world. Apart from social impacts, it is manifesting into political and even military issue, particularly when the activity of drug trafficking is focused. Drugs that are cultivated and processed in South American countries are mainly trafficked into the United States. Among those countries, Columbia is one of the prominent ones from where there is an increased flow of drugs, further accentuated by internal conflicts. That is, Colombia has long been considered to be one of the most active markets for illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and others and that illegal drug trade has contributed to it becoming a hotspot for rebel wars, social unrest, and other political, social, and economic problems. â€Å"The Colombian drug trade is estimated at $10 billion and presently accounts for 43 percent of global coca supply (as well as smaller amounts of marijuana and heroin poppy) .

Argument Analysis of the Issue of Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Argument Analysis of the Issue of Euthanasia Essay 1.If a right creates a net benefit to society and is not morally incorrect, then it should be made legal. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 2.Voluntary euthanasia refers to a doctors right to kill a terminally ill patient to his/her request. (IM; Oracle: definition from www.euthanasia.com) 3.If voluntary euthanasia is not a moral transgression and euthanasia creates a net benefit on society, then present legal prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. (LI from 1,2) 4.It is considered a moral duty to kill a pet that is suffering due to incurable illness. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 5.If it is a moral duty to relieve a suffering pet with incurable illness from its suffering by killing it, performing euthanasia on willing humans that are terminally ill cannot be a moral transgression. (IM; Oracle: tacit knowledge) 6.Performing euthanasia on willing humans that are terminally ill is not a moral transgression. (LI from 4,5) 7.Terminally ill patients use scarce medical resources. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 8.Euthanasia would increase the number of terminally ill patients that would willingly die. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 9.Patients stop using medical resources once they die. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 10.Euthanasia would create an increase in scarce medical resources not used by terminally ill patients. (LI from 7,8,9) 11.Other patients will use the scarce medical resources that are not being used by terminally ill patients. (IM; Oracle: Tacit Knowledge) 12.Euthanasia would thus create an increase in scarce medical resources that will be used by patients that are not terminally ill. (LI from 10,11) 13.Patients that are not terminally ill benefit from medical resources more than terminally ill patients. (IM; Oracle: Common Knowledge) 14.Scarce resources cause the largest benefit to society when used by those people that can benefit most from them. (IM; Oracle: Mankiw, Principles of Microeconomics) 15.Euthanasia would create a net benefit to society because of its allocation of scarce medical resources. (LI from 12,13,14) 16.Present legal prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. (UC and LI from 3,6,15) Argument Evaluation of Original Argument Euthanasia is sure to become an issue of increasing importance as our population ages and the leading  causes of death become long term debilitating illness rather than accidents or infectious disease. Too often the debate is clouded by emotion and irrational thought. However, turning ones attention to the following points may serve to clarify the situation. The first few sentences in the speakers argument serve as an introduction to the topic. The first to statements establish the importance of the issue. While these two sentences are no directly part of the argument, the speaker has already made an error. The speaker states that the leading  causes of death become long term debilitating illness rather than accidents  or infectious disease, however the leading cause of death is already a long term debilitating illness (namely cardiovascular disease). This of course suggests that the speaker has unreliable information and will make his/her argument less trustworthy. The remaining to sentences serve to exclude any irrational topics from being introduced into the argument criticism. This is a very wise move strategically since it is indeed true that many times this subject is clouded by speak of God and prejudice against elderly. While the speaker attempts to avoid discussing such issues, he/she does mention morality. We consider it a duty, not a moral transgression, to end the life of a suffering pet. Why do we balk at providing the same service to willing humans? The speaker tries to establish that moral transgression is not in question so that it is not brought up in an argument criticism. A pet cannot request euthanasia. A pets owner will have the pet killed if the pet has an incurable illness which will cause unbearable suffering. Humans on the other hand can request euthanasia. If they cannot request euthanasia their surrogate can. Thus we must speak of voluntary euthanasia when concerning humans. The speaker is making a link between the morality of performing euthanasia on pets and the morality of performing euthanasia on humans. This link, represented in statement 3, is an opinion about what is moral and thus cannot be verified with a strong source. Nonetheless, it is a valid stance on morality and the speaker chose to use this link in his/her argument Is it not crueler to condemn these individuals to weeks, perhaps even months, of suffering? I did not include this statement in my argument reconstruction since I believe it is very weak and is a point that will be criticized greatly. No patient is being condemned to suffering. I will return to this subject in my own argument Besides, it is a greater injustice to squander precious medical resources on  the terminally ill when so many others, particularly infants, could benefit from them instead; and frequently this is the only alternative to euthanasia. This argument is actually quite weak. Rarely are medical treatments rival. One persons use of a treatment usually does not affect the use of others. In the case where the medical resources are indeed rival, (eg. organs etc) the speaker himself/herself says that frequently the younger patients or those that will benefit most from the treatment are given the scarce medical resources. The argument about scarce medical resources can be used, however the speaker should not mention: frequently this is the only alternative to euthanasia. When these points are considered, it becomes clear that the present legal prohibitions against euthanasia ought to be lifted. This statement is the speakers ultimate conclusion. It is not necessary to reestablish the validity of the argument with the statement it becomes clear that. Furthermore, the preposition when these points are considered should be excluded from the sentence as it allows us to suspect that there are other points that should be considered. In terms of strategic excellence, the argument should only contain information relevant to the inquirers inquiry. No information that does not aid in reaching the ultimate conclusion should be present unless absolutely necessary. Lastly, there are many kinds of euthanasia. The speaker must specify that he/she is considering one specific meaning. Voluntary euthanasia refers to the killing of a patient that gives consent to be killed. There are problems with determining what is really voluntary. We must assume that the patient is capable of requesting euthanasia. Otherwise, the patients surrogate must request euthanasia. The doctor cannot decide alone that a patient should be killed. Many times however (according to statistics from Holland where euthanasia is currently legal) a doctor may take his/her own initiative and then lie about the cause of the patients death, attributing death to natural causes. For the purposes of argument, let us assume that voluntary euthanasia will be practiced correctly and assess whether the prohibitions against voluntary euthanasia ought to be lifted. General Evaluation: As is evident from my argument reconstruction, the inquirers written argument lacks many links. Most importantly the inquirer fails to establish that his/her conclusion is based on a conjunction of two different claims (actually three, but I excluded the claim that patients are being condemned to suffering for informative correctness purposes). It is extremely important to establish what statements the conclusion is based on. Another major error is the use of wrong information. While the wrong information is not necessary for the establishment of the inquirers conclusion, the inquirer still suggests unreliability with his first two introductory statements. Furthermore, the inquirer included the claim that patients are being condemned to suffering. I excluded this statement completely as it is incorrect. I will discuss this subject in my own argument. Lastly, the argument is not set up in an organized manner. The lines of thought are not linear. Rather, the inquirer proceeds in multiple directions failing to relate his conclusion to each point put forth. The inquirer states that his conclusion is clear even though he/she actual failed to show the relation between the left side moves and the conclusion by not establishing that the conclusion is based on a conjunction of two different claims. The inquirer is usually definitorily correct. Occasionally, he/she makes errors. For example, the inquirer fails to define what is meant by euthanasia. It is a simple matter of vocabulary, yet the intended definition of the word can change the argument in many ways. There are many criticisms of euthanasia related to involuntary euthanasia. The inquirer should avoid these by specifying he/she is considering only voluntary euthanasia. The inquirer portrays some wise strategic moves in his/her first few statements. The inquirer first establishes the importance of the subject by implying that as the population mortality age increases more and more patients will be considering euthanasia. While this was a wise strategic move, I did not include it as it was not necessary to establish the conclusions validity. This statement simply served as an introduction to a written argument. The inquirer also attempts to avoid any criticism related  to irrational concepts (such as God) by stating that these ideas simply cloud the subject. This was also a wise strategic move. As discussed previously, the manner in which the ultimate conclusion is stated is quite weak. It is unnecessary to draw attention to the possibility of other points being relevant to the subject. In fact, this provokes the reader to search for other subjects that have not been considered and will contradict the inquirers conclusion. He/she also uses a danger signal in the ultimate conclusion. The inquirer says it should be clear that, however the inquirer never establishes the relation between the mentioned points and the ultimate conclusion. This phrase suggests that the inquirer may actually draw no connection at all. Lastly, the argument is valid. Rectifying some mistakes and adding some moves that were assumed obvious the table now does close and there are no other open paths. Thus the argument is complete and the conclusion true, assuming all IMs and LIs are truth preserving. My Argument A right that is not necessary (has no use) and can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us should not be legalized. As can be seen from statistics from countries that have made voluntary euthanasia legal, there are many complications related to the right not being implemented efficiently. Many doctors may take advantage of the right, many euthanasias are performed on people who did not even request euthanasia with reasons such as It was too much of a burden for the family or the patients illness was terminal. Evidently, it is not so clear what voluntary or terminal mean, and depending on the doctors judgment the same patient may be treated differently. Furthermore, doctors can suggest euthanasia to patients that have not even considered it. The psychological stress on a suffering patient is so great that they may be easily influenced by doctors or family members to request the procedure. Laws against  euthanasia are in place to prevent abuse and to protect people from unscrupulous doctors and others. Secondly, there is no use to the right. Prohibitions against euthanasia are not intended to make patients suffer. No one is being condemned to suffering. If a patient is capable of requesting euthanasia they are also capable of committing suicide. People do have the power to commit suicide. If the patient does not have the means to commit suicide, a prescription of lethal drugs may be given to the patients but this is no longer considered euthanasia, but rather assisted suicide (which I am in favor of even though for moral reasons I personally disagree with suicide). Euthanasia refers to the killing of the patient directly by the doctor (either by lethal injection or by removal from necessary medical treatment). The need for assisted suicide is a completely different subject and should not be introduced into an argument about euthanasia. If the patient is not capable of requesting euthanasia then a court of law will allocate a surrogate to that patient which can make decisions for th e patient. If the patient is not capable of requesting euthanasia then the patient may not be able to commit suicide without assistance. But if the patient is in such a condition, they must be in vital need of medical treatment (either machines or drugs). A lot of people think that euthanasia is needed so patients wont be forced to remain alive by being hooked up to machines. But the law already permits patients or their surrogates to withhold or withdraw unwanted medical treatment even if that increases the likelihood that the patient will die. Thus, no one needs to be hooked up to machines against their will. Neither the law nor medical ethics requires that everything be done to keep a person alive. Insistence, against the patients wishes, that death be postponed by every means available is contrary to law and practice and is also cruel and inhumane. Thus even a patient that cannot commit suicide can kill himself/herself by removal from treatment. Euthanasia is not necessary and can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us. Prohibitions against euthanasia should not be lifted. (Assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life. When a doctor helps another person to kill themselves it is called physician assisted suicide. In my opinion, physician assisted suicide should be allowed as long as it is merely assistance and is practiced lawfully. Measures should be taken to ensure it is practiced lawfully. Each doctor should be forced to send in a consent form to some organization first. The consent form should contain the patients or the surrogates signature (if the patient is incapable of signing or requesting). In this way there will be less abuse of the right.)

Relationship Between The Sublime And The Beautiful Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between The Sublime And The Beautiful Philosophy Essay Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten is a very significant figure in the philosophy of aesthetics, as he invented the word aesthetic as we know it in the modern day. Baumgarten defined aesthetics thus creating a science of taste. Initially, in his first critique, the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Kant rejected Baumgartens account that aesthetic judgement is a form of taste. However, in the Critique of Judgement (1790), it is evident that Kant changed his mind, as it can be seen in his third critique that he indeed was influenced by Baumgarten, as he says that aesthetic judgement is a judgement of taste. This essay will begin by looking into a general account of Kants view on aesthetics, which will lead to examining his third critique the Critique of Judgement looking at the first book: Analytic of the Beautiful, of the first section: Analytic of Aesthetic Judgement, of Part I: Critique of Aesthetic Judgement. This will then lead to what Kant describes as the four moments of aesthetic judgement disinterestedness, universality, purposiveness and necessity. The essay will then discuss Kants notion of the sublime, looking at the main difference between beauty and the sublime and the types of sublime. This will then lead to the relationship between the sublime and the beautiful according to Kant and then will conclude by examining some criticisms of Kants aesthetic judgement. For Kant, there are two forms of the aesthetic the beautiful and the sublime. Although, Kants Critique of Judgement (CoJ) is the main source of his view on aesthetics, he also published another work on the topic in 1764 Observations on Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime, however, this is considered to be more interested in psychology rather than aesthetics (Kelly, 1998: 27). Douglas Burnham states in his book An Introduction to Kants The aesthetic judgement is the focal point in Kants third critique. It can be found that he began looking at judgement in the Aesthetic judgements are essentially judgements of taste according to Kant. The judgement of taste is aesthetic (Kant, 1790 in Cahn and Meskin, 2008: 131). When he says judgements of taste, he does not mean taste in sense of eating, but taste in the sense of whether someone has good or bad taste in something. There are four aspects of taste, which are as follows: quality, quantity, relation of the purpose and satisfaction of the object. These four aspects through which Kant expresses his aesthetic judgments are known as his Four Moments, which are most commonly known as: 1. Disinterest 2. Universality 3. Purposiveness 4. Necessity. Kant describes aesthetic judgements firstly as disinterested, saying that it only disinterested pleasure that can ground aesthetic judgements. There are three types of satisfaction in disinterest the agreeable, the beautiful and the good. The agreeable is subjective and so not universal; the beautiful is subjective yet demands that others agree and the good is objective but is based on concepts. Kant argues that it is only in the beautiful that we can be free and disinterested (Wenzel, 2005: 142). Kant begins his account of disinterestedness by defining what interest is ). There are two types of interest one is by sensation (in the agreeable) and the other by concepts (in the good). Sensation has got to do with the existence of a thing. When something exists we can feel it this is a common notion for everyone as we all say if we can feel ourselves pinching ourselves then we are not dreaming it is real (Burnham, 2000: 51). Burnham (ibid: 52) goes on to say that . This is indeed a Kantian claim, as Kants notion of disinterest is that of dismissing any interest when judging a thing beautiful. Aesthetic judgements are free from such interests. To be disinterested when judging art, means that interest is and as mentioned before, free from interest. Pure aesthetic judgements are unconcerned with the real existence of the object (Crowther, 2007: 68). Disinterest is at its most basic definition, an attempt to judge something beautiful, however remaining impartial while doing so. Kant talks about pleasure throughout his account of the beautiful, and to judge something aesthetically, a person is gaining a pleasure in something that they are disinterested in. Something must exist for it to be judged aesthetically, however, the judgement itself is a mental experience. As Burnham (2000: 52) says, it is the thing itself that is being judged, through the experiencing of it. This again is reminiscent of Kants notion of the thing in itself in his transcendental philosophy. (Kant, 1790 in Cahn and Meskin, 2008: 134). The second of Kants Four Moments is that of universality. Kant claims that in being disinterested about pleasure if the beautiful object, one can claim universal validity to judgement. As can be seen from the quote above, Kant says that a judgement is universal apart from concepts (ibid). Universality is not based on any concepts. If the judgement has concepts then it is suggesting that beauty is the property of the object (which it often is expressed as) that is being judged and this is not the case. Kant argues that subjective judgements are not universal, for example, if I said that the taste of chocolate pleases me and somebody else said that they did not like chocolate, then both of these are individual responses and both are correct. I do not expect everybody to like chocolate; neither does the other person think that everyone will not like chocolate just because they do not like it. Thus, subjective judgements are not universal. Obje ctive judgements are universal, however. Taking chocolate as an example once more, if one was to say that chocolate was sweet in relation to it containing a lot of sugar and another person said it is not, then it is evident that they are not aware of what the other meant; as it is a universal fact that chocolate is sweet (again in relation to it being full of sugar) (Burnham, 2000: 46-47). Therefore, aesthetic judgements are like objective judgments in the fact that they are both universal. However, being sweet is a property of chocolate and beauty according to Kant, is not a property of any object. Kant overcomes this obstacle of beauty becoming a property of the object by using as if. Kant acknowledges that each individual has their own taste , however, he states that and as mentioned earlier, judging the beautiful is a different story. Following on from saying that each person has their own taste, he says that: This is a notion he repeats throughout defining and explaining universality (in ibid: 134-135) and it is how he surmounts the idea of beauty being a property of an object he says it is as if it is a property of an object, not actually the property of the object! So to sum up universality, when someone is judging something to be beautiful, they expect that when making this judgement, that when it is judged by others, they are expected to judge it beautiful also and gain pleasure in it (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005). Kants third moment is that of purposiveness (or finality or end, as Kant uses in his CoJ). Kant defines this moment There are three types of purpose: external, definite and internal. External purpose is if the purpose does what it is supposed to do. Definite purpose is what the purpose is meant to do and internal purpose is what the purpose is meant to be like. In this moment, Kant is trying to portray that things are judged to be beautiful if they are perceived to have a purpose, but not a particular purpose otherwise, the beautiful is something that is purposivenss without purpose. Kant is keeping with the no concept (from universality) here as the purpose of an object is the concept to which it was manufactured (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005). An example of this third moment would be that of nature. Beauty in nature appears to be purposive, however it is of no use to us and it is for this reason that the beauty of nature is pleasurable to us (ibid). The fourth and final of Kants Four Moments, is that of necessity. The following is how Kant describes the importance of necessity in his CoJ: Satisfaction of encountering a beautiful object is what Kant calls a necessary pleasure and hence (universality coming into play again here) a pleasure of all perceivers of it. Aesthetic judgements must be necessary according to Kant. Along with necessity comes common sense, however, Kant does not mean common sense in the normal everyday meaning of the phrase, he means the actual senses that we all have (Burnham, 2000: 55) taste, touch, hearing, sight and smell. Hence, the sense of pleasure that one gets from judging something beautiful is that common sense. Necessity is again linked to universality in that the as if concept comes into play again in his fourth moment. As if in necessity is linked to that of the condition of necessity. The condition of necessity is what it is saying about the people who are judging an object beautiful. As Burnham (2000: 57) states, For Kant, the beautiful is not the only form of the aesthetic the other is the sublime. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (year: 1214), It is this awe that differentiates the beautiful from the sublime. The sublime is something that is beyond beauty. Kant defines the sublime as . Kant divides the sublime into two types the mathematical and the dynamical (ibid)). The mathematical is concerned with when we encounter vast, extensive, large objects size is the key component here we cannot get our heads around something that is so monumentally extensive. Because of its size, we cannot grasp it sensibly and so it brings about a terror within us. We cannot take it all in at once so it becomes too overwhelming (Burnham, 2000: 91). It contains feelings of exhilaration and being overwhelmed. Take the example of a violent storm; if I am frightened by the storm, this inevitably leads to an interest in saving myself. Once I have expressed an interest, then I cannot experience the sublime as the s ublime, like the beautiful, involves disinterestedness. It is so great in size that we cannot comprehend it as it almost becomes so vast that our imagination runs away with itself (McCloskey, 1987: 98). The dynamical sublime relates to power. It concerns our experience of the mighty, the powerful, dangerous objects or phenomena which we regard from a position of safety. Take again the example of a violent storm a natural disaster. When we see something like this violent storm we know that it can crush and overpower us, however, we as rational beings can summon up enough moral courage to resist the terror and fear that the storm gave rise to. Summoning up this moral courage is something that only a rational being can do. Because we are experiencing the storm from a safe distance, we know that we are safe so that interest of saving ourselves does not exist and thus we can experience the sublime. For Kant, the sublime is essentially something we experience (influence of Heidegger here). The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich, is probably the best painting that represents Kants idea of the sublime. As can be seen below, Friedrich used nature to portray the sublime. The painting illustrates a man standing alone, looking out onto vast scenery of thick fog covering a mountain range, observing it from a position of safety suggests that this image is that of the dynamical sublime. Kant begins his Analytic of the Sublime (Book II of The Critique of Aesthetic Judgement) with the similarities between the beautiful and the sublime. What can be seen first is evident both are aesthetic judgements. Both involve disinterested pleasure; that is when making an aesthetic judgement, the person judging must remain impartial while judging the object beautiful; the sublime in the case of dynamical sublime, taking the example of the storm again, when experiencing the storm from a safe distance where the person knows no harm can be done to themselves, they can view the sheer effect that the storm is having and thus experience the sublime. Both the beautiful and the sublime also have a universal aspect to them the force of the storm and looking at its impact from afar, should indeed have the same effect on everyone. However, it can be established that the third moment purposiveness is not in common to the two types of the aesthetic. As Burnham (2000: 90) mentions, Kant desc ribes pleasure in the introduction to the CoJ, as However, the sublime does not allow an achievement of an end. Kants aesthetics has been criticised by many a philosopher since. Gadamer (who was highly influenced by Heidegger) criticised that Kants aesthetics was ultimately subjectivist. Gadamer stresses that Kants aesthetics is not linked to a proper knowledge. Gadamer says that Kant limits his aesthetic judgement to mere experience of the pleasurable. He says that by limiting our experience through the four moments, it does not challenge us enough in making the judgements  [1]  . Many critics have also tried to criticise Kant on what disinterested pleasure actually is. It has also been criticised that Kants notion of the aesthetic judgement say nothing about art as a developing concept. This essay has examined Kants four moments of aesthetic judgement of the beautiful, looking at aesthetic judgements as being made by a person who must remain impartial and not interested in the object of judgement; seeing all aesthetic judgements as universal, that is that if an aesthetic judgement is made then everyone will agree. Each aesthetic judgement is made with purposive but without an end in sight and all aesthetic judgements are necessary. It has then gone on to discuss the sublime, looking at the two types of sublime the mathematical and the dynamical; the mathematical concerning that which is so extensive in size, it overcomes us and the dynamical being that we are observing something very powerful from a position of safety and so are able to experience the sublime. The essay then looks into the relationship that the sublime and the beautiful have by looking at the similarities and differences that are in each; similarities being that they are both forms of the aesthetic , they are both reflective judgements, they both involve disinterestedness and are both universal. This essay has concluded by looking at a few criticisms of Kants aesthetics looking at Gadamer (and Heidegger) who thought that Kants view on the aesthetic was too subjectivist and has also looked at how Kants aesthetics shows nothing of how art in the aesthetic judgement as a developing concept. It is evident that Kant indeed influenced many aesthetic philosophers after him as his aesthetic theory can be seen in many a philosopher of art since then, both of influence and criticism.