Importance of Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication Effective interpersonal communication helps us express ourselves and share our thoughts and opinions with the people around us. Learn how this effects different areas of our lives, especially in our workplaces. Ads by Google Happy Marriage Secrets    Want to Fireproof Your Marriage? Do Marriage God’s Way   BiblicalCounselingInsights. com Enlarge ImageTo effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. ~ Anthony RobbinsInterpersonal communication is the process that helps us express our feelings, ideas, and thoughts and share them with the people around us. Efficient interpersonal communication is a very good quality that helps people in every aspect of life be it personal or professional. It is the process where a person expresses his thoughts, converts the thoughts into a well designed message and sends the message across a communication channel (oral, visual, written, etc) and the receiver receives the message and responds to the message and sends his reply via the communication channel.Interpersonal communication can be a formal dialog between two people at a workplace, or even an informal tete-a-tete between two friends. Communication can occur with or without words and through a number of communication media. 1. Oral Communication (Speaking face-to-face or on the phone) 2. Written Communication (Writing emails, letters, instant messaging and texting) 3. Visual Communication (Body Language or sign language) Factors that Determine the Efficiency of Communication 1.Clarity of Message: The way in which the sender presents a message plays an instrumental role in the success or failure of the communication process. A message should be formulated taking into account the receiver's frame of mind and simple message formulation that conveys the correct meaning. 2. Communication Channel: Choose the right com munication channel according to the situation and the receiver. For example think whether in a particular situation having a face-to-face conversation would be a better option instead of speaking on the phone, or writing an email. . Rapport between Sender and Receiver: If the sender and the receiver share a common background and have faced similar experiences, it increases the mutual understanding level and hence enhances the outcome of the communication process. The development of rapport will depend on the educational background, social background, family upbringing and the kind of experiences the person has come across. Styles of Interpersonal Communication There are various styles of this form of communication and that we adopt into our lives depending on how we need it. Controlling StyleThe controlling style is actually a style of interpersonal communication wherein the sender leaves little or no room for the receiver to provide feedback or reply. People who are generally senio r in workplace hierarchy use it to communicate with their subordinates and although this style might prove to be an efficient form of communication during crisis situations, it can intimidate the receiver or the audience and can actually create a communication gap. Egalitarian Style The Egalitarian style is much more efficient than the controlling style since it facilitates healthy two-way communication wherein information is shared mutually.This style of communication encourages the participants to express their ideas and hence creates a cooperative and healthy atmosphere. Structuring Style The structuring style is generally used to communicate specific goals and bring coordination to an organization. To avoid making this a one-way conversation it is always better to modify this style and keep it more open to responses from the audience. Dynamic Style This is style is a high-energy approach which involves use of motivating words and phrases to encourage the person to get inspired a nd achieve a certain goal.However this style cannot function when the receiver does not have enough knowledge about the required action desired out of him/her. Relinquishing Style The relinquishing style is highly open for ideas to the extent that it can transfer the responsibility of the communication to the receiver. This style of communication works well when the sender and the receiver are equally interested in carrying the conversation ahead. Withdrawal Style It is ironic to call this process a style of interpersonal communication since the withdrawal style is basically the failure or lack of communication.This is a style is where a person shows complete disinterest to participate in the communication process or carry it forward. By Uttara Manohar Last Updated: 9/30/2011 Ads by Google Knowing your Personality    Most detailed Personality Assessment on the Internet   www. personalitybook. com Leading M-Wallet Platform    TagPay powers mobile money services in over 30 count ries worldwide. www. tagattitude. fr Free Training Materials    Instant Download, Trainer Resources Training Games, Exercises and Tools   www. trainerbubble. om Elite Process Service    Colorado Springs Pueblo Canon City ;amp; All Of Colorado 719. 362. 5556   www. processservicecolorado. com communicating    Wanna guilin tours info? Here it is credit-based, keep improving. www. guilinprivatetours. com Plastic Recycling Line    Plastic Recycling Line High Quality,Low Price,Inquire Now! www. PuRui-China. com Marriage With Foreign Men    Foreign Men Seek African Ladies For Dating ;amp; Marriage. Join Free Today! KenyanCupid. com/Marriage Read more at Buzzle:  http://www. buzzle. com/articles/interpersonal-communication. html Interpersonal Relationships at WorkInterpersonal relationships at work are really important for carrying out the daily processes with effective communication and understanding among employees†¦ Ads by Google Team Coach Training    Certified c oach training in Joburg 19-20 Nov – track to ICF credential   www. enterprisecoach. co. za/ICF-cert A cardinal principle of Total Quality escapes too many managers: you cannot continuously improve interdependent systems and processes until you progressively perfect interdependent, interpersonal relationships. – Stephen R. Covey In today's corporate world, there is a need for work to be done as quickly as possible.And for this purpose, working professionals need to have good relations between each other. Healthy professional relations can be maintained by effective workplace communication and teamwork. Interpersonal relationships gradually develop with good team participation and communication with other members. On the other hand, these relationships may deteriorate when a person leaves the group and stops being in touch. In order to create and maintain these relationships , you need to consider some simple, yet significant aspects. Importance of Interpersonal Relati onships at WorkYou can say that everything at the office depends on good relationships between employees and the management. Interpersonal relationships are absolutely essential, as they help workers to have a mutual understanding between themselves. The main benefit is that they work in a team. And it is a proven fact that if you need to reach a goal or a target in your process, you necessarily have to work together in a team. If there are healthy interpersonal relationships in the team members, they certainly tend to work collectively towards the prescribed goal. Teamwork also contributes a lot to a healthy work environment.Employees feel good to work if there is a favorable environment at the workplace. If employees have a mutual understanding with each other, there are very less chances of any kind of workplace conflicts. It is also been observed that strong interpersonal relationships lead to motivation among employees. Using Interpersonal Skills at Workplace Communication is o ne of the most crucial interpersonal skills to be practiced at the workplace. Without effective interpersonal communication, there will not be a smooth and clear flow of ideas, resulting in confusion.A true professional will always talk to other executives, with looking directly into the eyes. Always smile when you speak with others, in a face to face talk or even on the phone. The smile will make others comfortable and it will also be apparent in the tone while on the phone. While you speak, make sure your tone is humble and not authoritative, even if you are the boss. Consider helping your colleagues a privilege, with always being happy to help. A very effective way of maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships is to appreciate the efforts in front of everyone.Honoring and considering suggestions and views of other members in the team is a very good method of teamwork. When communicating with other executives, it is fine if you add a bit of humor to the scene, just to release the stress and tension involved. Make sure you do not get involved in the blame game. Always ensure that you stick to what you said you will do. Fulfilling commitments is one major aspect that you will have to consider in creating good business relationships. It is a good idea to share what you recently accomplished and found out.This creates a feeling of openness among the team members. One important point to note is that you will only be satisfied with your job if there are healthy interpersonal relationships at work. By Stephen Rampur Published: 7/13/2010 Ads by Google Happy Marriage Secrets    Want to Fireproof Your Marriage? Do Marriage God’s Way   BiblicalCounselingInsights. com How to be a Pilot    Commercial, Private Pilot Training Accredited Pilot and Flight School   EpicFlightAcademy. com Read more at Buzzle:  http://www. buzzle. com/articles/interpersonal-relationships-at-work. html

Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay

Abstract: Mark Twain, a mastermind of humor and realism, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humorous satire had great impact on the following men of letters; critics also attached significant importance to it and put forward various interpretations. Noticeably, his humor? ous satire finds full expression in his famous short story, Running for Governor. In it, with humor and satire, he exposed the true features and hypocrisy of American democracy. The paper tries to analyze the basic elements which affected Mark Twain’s humorous satire, aiming at offering rational analysis of this humorous satire in Running for Governor as well as making Twain’s works readily understood. Key words: Mark Twain; realism; humorous satire; hypocrisy; American :106 I : A : -5039(2012)03-0206-02 1009 1 Introduction Mark Twain, the pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835, is the forerunner and reputed realist in the arena of American literature. He is an American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent or biting satire. His work is also known for re? alism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression. Because of his remarkable contributions to the nation, literary critics spoke highly of his achievements. For instance, these venera? ble titles â€Å"the Lincoln of American literature†, â€Å"the true father of our national literature†, â€Å"Mark Twain—Mirror of American† are used to highlight his pinnacles in literature. Samuel’s humor, if only in order to funnily make others laugh, I don’t think there would not have such a daimyo—†Mark Twain† on the literary scene in today’s world. Moreover, with his particular creative spirit and rather elegant â€Å"people’s language†, especially his excellent humor and satire, he is deeply praised by American people. Mark Twain wrote many short stories and these stories profoundly analyze and expose short? comings and ugliness of capitalist society. As for humorous satire, Running for Governor is a representative short story. The story creates an unreal independent nominee who suffers a series of nasty and shameless slander to expose the hypocrisy of American â€Å"Democracy† and the corruption and depravity of the cap? italist system under the guise of American â€Å"Democracy†. Mark Twain’s penetrating and remarkable portray of Bourgeois politicians profoundly reveals the hypocrisy of bourgeois democratic electoral system. Therefore, Running for Governor is an excellent humorous satire works, which is ideological and instructive. 2 Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor. In Running for Governor, at the beginning of the story, Twain wrote: â€Å"A few months ago I was nominated for Governor of the great state of New York, to run against Mr. John T. Smith and Mr. Blank J. Blank on the independent ticket. I somehow felt that I had one prominent advantage over these gentlemen, and that was—good character. â€Å"1 Three specific characters appear, â€Å"I† is the indepen? dence Party’s candidate, who is an upright and honest man with sim? ple thoughts, The Republican candidate Mr. John T. Smith, and the Democratic candidate Mr. Blank J. Blank. People favor to talk about his usual first-person narrative method. This narrative method which he was so handy to use that it become a major artistic style he created. It strengthens the ex? change on Twain’s thoughts and feelings with the reader’s, and make Twain feel freedom to mobilize all language means to gain hu? morous and satirical effects. In American literature, Twain is not only a great humorist, but also an eminent master who developed a unique style of his own— colloquialism. His greatness lies in blending of humor with lively language. In the first rumor â€Å"perjury†, after Mr. John T. Smith and Mr. Blank J. Blank had well-founded accusations on â€Å"me†, they ve? hemently said: â€Å"Mr. Twain owes it to himself, as well as to the great people whose suffrages he asks, to clear this matter up. Will he do it? † These three words â€Å"the great people† are full of localism, also with humor to demonstrate â€Å"my† rivals’ extraordinary skills2. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple such as â€Å"will he do it†, but humorously sati? rize officialdom’s true features. His humor is not only of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism. 3 Influences of Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire Twain’s works, both in content and form, with more American characteristics, demonstrate Americans’ thoughts and feelings and reflect the manifold movements of American society by using their own language and telling their own stories. Twain’s life is difficult, but he wrote a large number of literary works. From the spiritually empty and nothing-to-do people, to the unscrupulous politicians, : -12-05 2011 : -01-05 2012 : , , 206 : 2012 ? 02 ?  to the rulers of money and the rulers of spiritual morality became the objects of Twain’s ruthless ridicule, biting satire and criticism. As a distinguished master of humor and irony, Twain’s humor with his unique style, a combination of smart ideas with the art of satire have a practical significance for us to understand social, institution? al and human legacy in 19th century and help to recognize the evils of American society today. The autonomous status of American literature as a national lit? erature can hardly be questioned nowadays, but once American lit?  erature had a special relation to the British tradition. During 19th century, this period, American literature strongly tended to view the course it was taking as diverging widely from the English tradition while trying to give expressions to awareness informed by local in? fluence. Of the three writers Eliot chooses as the landmark of the coming of age of American literature to be found, in his opinion, at the moment when American writers were first acknowledged to be influencing other literature, one is Mark Twain. He is justly renowned as a humorist but was not always appre? ciated by the writers of his time more than that. Successive genera? tions of writers, however, recognized the role that Twain played in creating a truly American literature. His success in creating this plan but evocative language precipitated the end of American rever? ence for British and European cultures and for the more formal lan? guage associated with those traditions. His achievement: creating timeless art in the vernacular, helped advance American cultural in? dependence and diversity. 4 Conclusion Mark Twain is a remarkable representative of American realis?  tic literature in the 19th century, he is the first writer who had the literary creation â€Å"Americanization† and had the literary language â€Å"nationalize†. With hard work, he finished lots of literature works in his life. In his works of literature, he laughed at, satirized and criti? cized the power of money, the hypocritical morality, corrupted poli? tics, etc. It is full of Mark Twain’s humor, he criticized and satirized the social hideousness bitterly. Mark Twain detailed the social hid? eousness with his particular humor. It is full of relaxation, optimism and humorous style. Running for Governor is an outstanding representative of Twain’s political satirical novel in 19th century. Twain fabricated an unreal independent partisan â€Å"I† (not the author) who eventually had to abandon the campaign for New York governor because of abuse, rumors and personal attacks from the opponents through ex? aggerated, humorous satire, to profoundly reveal the dirty inside of â€Å"free election†, rip the U. S. â€Å"two-party system†, and expose a capi? talist â€Å"freedom of speech,† thus humorously satirizing the hypocrisy of the bourgeois democracy. 3 : Overseas English ? ? ? ? To sum up, fundamentally, Twain is a great humorist. He once said, â€Å"there are several kinds of stories, but only one different—the humorous. † So to be humorous in his writing I venture to say is his lifelong pursuit. It is also undeniable that Twain is the only giant who had brought both local colorism and humor to the world fame. Meanwhile he once claimed that he was a serious writer and was ac? tively concerned with moral ideas in many ways. However, when he found the darkness, corruption, injustice and the personal tragic en?  counters he had to withstand in particular, he became firstly serious and then bitter ironic. It follows therefore that we should take these elements into consideration when analyzing Twain’s writing charac? teristics as well as himself. In short, both the changing social reality and the unpredictable personal tragedies directly and eventually re? sulted in his humorous satire. In Mark Twain’s autobiography, he had summed up the experi? ence from his humorous novels:†It is impossible to humor for the hu? mor. Humor is just a flavor and snapshots. I have always told people that why I can persist for 30 years. † Thus we can see that Mark Twain had the humor and satire as his writing features, as the basis of writing his humorous novels. â€Å"4 Notes: 1 Wang Qun. Guide to Mark Twain[M]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2007:64. 2 Sun Xun. Mark Twain and The adventures of Huckleberry Finn[M]. Beijing:China Juvenile and Children’s Books Publishing House, 2001:140. 3 Wang Qun. Guide to Mark Twain[M]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2007:65. 4 Ibid. ,90-100 References: [1] Deng Xuxin. An Induction to Literature of English[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press,2002. [2] Wu Weiren. History and Anthology of American Literature[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1990. [3] Song Yuankang. A study Guide to American Literature[M]. Kun? ming:Yunnan University Press,2007. [4] . [M] : ,2007.  · [5] . ——  ·  · [J]. ,2001(2):52-55. [6] . —— [J]. ,2002(6):25-27. [7] . [J]. ?,2003(6):79-81. 207

Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong

National level public examinations such as the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) and Sijil Pelajaran Tinggi Malaysia (STPM) have always generated a lot of interest among the general public as they are essential for entrance into universities and also to enter into the work market. In the recent few years, attention has been drawn to the phenomenon of students getting up to 20 As in the SPM examinations and this has been a source of contention especially with regards to scholarship allocation and university placements. The government then has been mulling a decision to set a limit on the maximum number of subjects a candidate may sit for as a way to simplify the selection process into tertiary studies. The writer of this article, Dr. I. Lourdesamy of the Pacific Institute Technology in Petaling Jaya offers his views on this development and the article is aptly titled â€Å"SPM Subjects: Let students make the choice. Basically, the writer is of the opinion that setting a cap on the number of subjects a student may sit for does not address the real issue of suitable selection criteria into tertiary education, and he goes on to suggest how we may best tackle the issue by giving his recommendations as well as what he feels the goal of education should be. The writer proposes that we should not limit the number of subjects SPM students can sit for, and instead students can be evaluated on the basis of their performance in subjects directly related to the proposed field of study. He is disagreeable to limiting students’ opportunity to learn, and feels that the students should be allowed to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude. He also suggests that schools offer a range of elective subjects to cater to different student interests. Furthermore, the writer opines that most students have too much free time and actually should be encouraged to do more. Finally, the writer addresses the primary objective of education – to provide opportunity for its students to maximize their learning potential. Personally, I find the writer’s argument of not limiting the number of subjects for SPM students to be reasonable and logical. As he said earlier, if the concern is the assessment process for scholarships and places in universities then what we need is a clear and comprehensive guideline on the selection criteria for the various disciplines in tertiary education. Actually, the practice of taking into account only subjects which are directly relevant to the proposed field of study has long been practiced and limiting the number of subjects would not help in any way to determine which students are more deserving of university placements or scholarships. What students need to be made aware of is that they need to prepare for their desired field of study by taking relevant subjects which would be necessary in the selection process. The author’s arguments on allowing students to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude, besides having schools offering elective subjects are indeed good suggestions. Having gone through the path of being a student myself, I strongly feel that if students are given more say in what they are studying, it will make them more motivated and keen to learn. They can also be challenged appropriately, and the scenario of having students being bored (because the syllabus is too easy or uninteresting) or not being able to follow lessons (because they are too weak) will be greatly reduced. However, the implementation of such suggestions may be very difficult as a lot of resources will need to be made available to schools and students. We would have to first have a large enough pool of competent teachers to teach students these various subjects at all levels of difficulty, and sorting out the logistics such as allocation of classrooms and time-tabling could also prove very challenging. Students’ use of their free time was also one of the points raised in the article. The author obviously feels that students could be more productive and that they do not have much to do. While there may be some truth to his argument, I think that it is not fair to generalize and say that all students are too free and should be asked to do more. How much time a student actually spends on his studies and other worthwhile activities differs greatly from one student to another. It really depends on the individual’s motivation and goals. Some students who are already pushing themselves very hard should actually be taught to relax and have more balance in their life. Therefore, this argument shows the author’s bias towards students nowadays and he should give more careful thought to this before making such conclusions.

Distribution channel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distribution channel - Essay Example Efficient distribution channel is essential for every business as it allows smooth movement of the product from producer to the final consumer. Majority organizations make use of intermediaries including retailers, sales persons and wholesalers to sell their product to the final consumers. In my view, the best way of getting your product to the market is through having your own distribution channel. Advertising through internet will certainly help increase sales and reduce cost. Dell Computers, without any third party’s assistance has been selling its product through internet and is quite successful. There is a possibility that the third party’s involvement in the distribution might disrupt availability of the product to the customers on time due to hoarding or personal benefits or even might result in inability or failure to meet the targets. Role of advertising in the marketing process Advertising is basically a marketing communication channel through which a product is communicated to the target consumers. Today, media has advanced so much that the message can be disseminated throughout the world in seconds. Hence, the role of advertising in the marketing process has also increased world-wide.

Quest Diagnostics Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quest Diagnostics Inc - Essay Example The company offered specialized esoteric testing on both coasts with acquisition of American Medical Laboratories (AML) in 2002. The company acquired Unilab Corporation in 2003 and exhibited its presence in California State. Later in 2005 the company made its presence felt in Kansas and Ohio by acquiring LabOne (Our History). EDGAROnline (Page 1) stated that Quest Diagnostics Inc. is a national leader in the healthcare sector providing diagnostic and allied services. The company leads in clinical laboratory testing, esoteric testing, molecular diagnostics; non-hospital based anatomic pathological services and analysing drug abuse. According to Reuters, the company has more than 2000 patient service centres and 35 principal laboratories in major metros and about 150 smaller "rapid response" laboratories all over the nation with wide range of services and helping physicians detect, diagnose, evaluate, monitor and treat diseases with the help of information technology solutions. The company processed more than 144 million requisitions as of the year ending December 31, 2005 and net revenue of 78% from routine testing and 17% from esoteric testing thus summing up to 95% net revenues for clinical laboratory testing. ... nd times." In addition to above the company also provides Risk Assessment Services to life insurance industry in the US and Canada and Clinical trial testing in the US, UK, Australia, Singapore and South Africa. The company manufactures and markets diagnostic test kits and systems for esoteric testing through its subsidiary Nichols Institute Diagnostics. According to Quest Diagnostics the company's vision reads as follows "Dedicated people improving the health of patients through unsurpassed diagnostic insights and innovation." The company's mission being "We will be the undisputed world leader of diagnostic testing, information and services" and the values are "Quality, Integrity, Innovation, Accountability, Collaboration and Leadership"(Our Vision, Mission and Values). According to Quest Diagnostics, Nichols Institute was the first laboratory in North America to achieve ISO 9001 certification in 1998 (Our Commitment to Quality). According to QMI Registration services ISO 9001 is based on the following eight Quality Management Principles, which are incorporated within the requirements of the standard, and can be applied to improve organizational performance: 1. Customer focus 2. Leadership 3. Involvement of people 4. Process approach 5. System approach to management 6. Continual improvement 7. Factual approach to decision making 8. Mutually beneficial supplier relationships The standard covers all aspects of an organization's activities, including identifying its key processes, defining roles and responsibilities, policies and objectives, documentation requirements, the importance of understanding and meeting customer requirements, communication, resource requirements, training, product and process planning, design processes, purchasing, production and service,

Organizational Change Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organizational Change Master - Essay Example While it has many ramifications including corporate ones that need a greater degree of focus and analysis within the socio-economic environment in which the company operates, there is also the need for a more practical view of the challenges faced by the society. It's here that Unilever has succeeded. Many writers have defined the concept of sustainability in a variety of ways. However the definition given by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) is considered to be of prime importance - "Sustainability represents forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". Big organizations meet most of these constituent elements in its efforts to sustain the very environment in which they operate. Both the production process and the consumption process in the economy of a country are shaped by the innovative strengths and the subsequent summation of the "five basic sustainability principles" as enunciated by Buckminster Fuller (Dresner, 2002, p.37). They are the material domain, the economic domain, the domain of life, the social domain and the spiritual domain. According to Fuller the material domain is the central principle necessary for the regulation of the mobility of materials and en ergy that help to sustain life as it's. The economic domain serves as a main mechanism to husband wealth.On the other hand organizational change and sustainable development refers to a process in which individuals, processes, practices and whole organizations are transformed from their current position to a new desired position. According to Warren Bennis organizational development and sustainability is a complex strategic process in which attitudes, values, beliefs and the organizational structure are subject to change through adaptation to new challenges and techniques in equally new market segments. In other words it's a dynamic process intended to bring about systemic improvement and change. Thus organizational response to sustainability issues plays a very significant role here. The process of transformation from what an organization now is to a new dimensional growth trajectory is determined by how best change is accepted by the staff. AnalysisDuring the past two decades organizational change and sustainability has become a very important aspect in the modern day management practice. Change is more appropriate when everything else has failed to ensure the continuous survival of the business (Clark, 1999). However change and sustainability in itself might not be desirable when the degree of resistance to change becomes stronger because when resistance gathers momentum that in itself is an indicator of the existence of other solutions. If organizational change and development were focused on improving critical success factors related to financial management, Human Resource Management (HRM), employee relations, supply chain management, quality management, marketing and corporate social responsibility (CSR), then the organization would have to face considerable resistance.In the first

Recommendations on Canadian government in response to climate change Essay

Recommendations on Canadian government in response to climate change - Essay Example Emission of other pollutants leads to environmental degradation and becomes progressively more and more severe, if not checked in time. Unregulated emission and sewage results in global warming; people’s health notwithstanding, it can cause plant and animal extinction also. It is thus incumbent on Canada and other countries to take appropriate action in tackling the various pollutants seriously and urgently. Damages caused by pollution are not likely to have any discernible impact on people’s current lives within ten years, it is being hoped. One can never be too sure whether the future generation will be able to enjoy the quality of life as people currently do in the next fifty years. In order to reduce the overall environmental damages, Canadian government could issue a set of policies that control firms’ emissions and protect the environment. In most countries, there is a missing market of production externalities which implies that firms’ marginal private cost (MPC) is lower than their marginal social cost (MSC). The difference between MPC and MSC thus becomes a burden to the society which induces social inefficiency and overconsumption (Pettinger, 2013). A balance therefore needs to be struck by the Government to exercise control over emissions by offsetting against this cost. Canadian government could cease the production of heavily (high carbon) polluting firms. For less polluting firms, Canadian government could set a carbon tax to internalize the externalities. The introduction of carbon tax will shift up the MPC curve to MSC by a tax per unit, forcing the emission generators to pay themselves for their deeds. A carbon tax therefore increases the relative price of carbon-intensive goods though it is very hard to set. The Government should attempt to phase the tax in, by giving the consumer and manufacturer a buffer zone for self-regulation;

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Finance - Essay Example In the year 2007, British Petroleum, Plc took many of the restructuring initiatives. It had restructured its operations in the North Sea Organisation. The restructuring was aimed to simplify the organisation and to improve the efficiency of the various related processes. The company was compelled to initiate such changes as the production in that area was depicting decreasing trend while cost was rising rapidly (BP, 2007). As the chief executive of BP put it, the over all restructuring measure was not all about ‘cost reduction and cull’, rather it was about the a change in culture among the employees of BP, as he observed that the oil major has been suffering from ‘over- complexity’ (Macalister, 2007). Though the management claimed it to be mere change in culture but it invariably meant reduction in the employee force as the company was witnessing alarming financial results. To do away with the complexities that according to the top management were responsible for such deplorable financial results, the company decided to make processes simpler. The corporation used to have three major divisions namely ‘exploration and production’, ‘refining and marketing’ and ‘gas, power and renewable’. To make operational process straightforward and reduce costs, the management restructured the process by doing away with the third segment and incorporating it into the other two. The company introduced a separate division to handle business of low carbon and options of future growth and named it ‘alternative energy’ (Kukec, 2007). The objective of any restructuring plan that any corporate initiates, is to increase its profitability and the financial performance and to create enhanced value for the share holders. The financial results of the British Petroleum for the financial year 2008 clearly depicts that the restructuring plans

Restaurant Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant Comparison - Assignment Example TGI Fridays also uses the service but it can be seen that the company strongly relies on the services that are offered by the workers. 2. For McDonalds, this servicescape has a positive influence on customer perceptions of the overall service experience given that it is designed to reflect the organization’s way of doing business. The service is designed in such a way that it portrays the company as unique and offering special products that cannot be matched by other competitors. Focus is put on the burgers that are offered by the company. on the other hand, TGI Fridays specifically focus on the core aspects that shape its business such as fried chips and chicken. 3. Physical characteristics such as color, lighting, shapes and sound in each servicescape significantly influence the customer’s experience. Essentially, the whole service is mainly designed to appeal to the senses of hearing as well as sight such that the customers can experience something new as soon as they visit the premises. The motion pictures are colorful and they appeal to the interests of the customers since they have been designed in a captivating way. 4. Both restaurants use state of the art equipment in order to attract many customers. The furniture is carefully designed and the floors are tiled in different styles such that they look attractive to different people who may happen to visit the places. McDonalds offers drive through services and these are very convenient to the customers. 5. McDonalds uses the servicescape as a differentiator in that it helps the workers to improve their performance. For instance, through the use of video, the employees are in a better position to see what is happening in every corner of the restaurant. This can also help the workers to respond quickly to the customers. Fridays on the other hand uses this particular service to improve the efficiency of the employees in their service delivery. The employees have a clear view of

Business Ethics in Brazil Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics in Brazil Essay In this comparative survey of 126 Brazilian and U.S. business professionals, we explore the effect of national culture on ethical decisionmaking within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examined how these two countries’ differences on Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism Rafik I. Beekun (Ph.D., The University of Texas, Austin) is Professor of Management and Strategy in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. His current research interests are in the area of strategic adaptation, the link between national cultures and ethics, and the relationship between management and spirituality. He has published in such journals as Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Relations, Journal of Management and Decision Sciences. Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to him at: Managerial Sciences Department, Mail Stop 28, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0206. Yvonne Stedham (Ph.D., University of Kansas) is an Associate Professor of Management in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. She has published in such journals as the Journal of Management and Journal of Management Studies. Dr. Stedham’s research focuses on the following areas: CEO performance evaluation, gender discrimination in employment, ethics in business, decision making across cultures, and managing knowledge workers. Jeanne H. Yamamura (CPA, Ph.D., Washington State University) is an Associate Professor of Accounting in the College of Business at the University of Nevada Reno. Her teaching responsibilities include auditing and accounting information systems c ourses. Dr. Yamamura’s research focuses on the management of accounting professionals with a particular interest in cross-cultural differences and her work has been published in accounting and business journals. She has extensive practical experience in the field of accounting through her previous employment in public and private accounting. Rafik I. Beekun Yvonne Stedham Jeanne H. Yamamura dimension are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Our results indicate that Brazilians and Americans evaluate the ethical content of actions or decisions differently when applying utilitarian criteria. By contrast, business people from both countries do not differ significantly when they use egoistic criteria in evaluating the ethical nature of business decisions. KEY WORDS: Brazil, egoism, ethics, national culture, U.S., utilitarianism As business organizations move from domestic to global and transnational competition, they are finding that cultural values vary significantly across national boundaries, and are likely to affect business practices (Husted, 2000). During the past decade, several researchers (Ferrell and Gresham, 1985; Hunt et al., 1989; Abratt et al., 1992; Hunt and Vitell, 1992; Tsalikis and Nwachukwu, 1991; Vitell et al., 1993) have noted the potential influence of national c ulture on ethics within a business context. What obscures the impact of national culture on ethics is that business practices may conflict with ethical values in a manner that medicine, law and government do not (DeGeorge, 1993). Not surprisingly, empirical research investigating the relationship between national culture and ethical decision-making is relatively sparse (Vitell et al., 1993). A primary reason for exploring the effects of culture on ethics is the increased globalization of business. This trend, in turn, is characterized by a diverse array of interorganizational arrangements that require cross-cultural interaction. As a result, cultural misunderstandings are likely to occur. One of the key areas where such mis- Journal of Business Ethics 42: 267–279, 2003.  © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 268 Rafik I. Beekun et al. understandings take place is in the area of ethics, partly because of the influence that national cultures may have upon business ethics (Husted, 2000). Accordingly, in our study, we explore the relationship between national culture and business ethics. We will seek to investigate what process underlies ethical behavior across national boundaries. Understanding this process may help global managers develop tools to promote ethical behavior in their international workforce. In this research, we compare two culturally diverse countries, the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, in order to identify similarities and differences with regard to approaches toward ethical decision-making in a business context. Since culture is a broad concept, it is necessary to specify the values that could be related to behaviors or practices (Husted, 2000). For the purposes of this study, we used a well-established framework of national culture (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede conducted one of the most important studies that ascertained the relationship between national culture and management. From this study, he identified several â€Å"value† dimensions along which countries differ. Using Hofstede’s (1980) framework, we carried out a crosscultural, comparative survey to assess the relationship between his individualism/collectivism dimension of national culture and ethical criteria. With respect to ethical decision-making, we adopted the instrument proposed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990). They have generated a set of scales that measure the core dimensions characterizing different perspectives of ethical philosophy. Defining national culture: Hofstede’s dimensions of culture Multiple definitions and conceptualizations of national culture exist (Hofstede, 1980, 1988, 2001; Kluckhohn, 1951, 1962; Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, 1961; Ronen and Shenkar, 1985; Trompenaars, 1993). Although these frameworks and conceptualizations typically center on values, they differ with respect to the specific values that are included in their respective frameworks. For instance, Trompenaars (1993) focuses on values related to relationships such as obligation, emotional orientation in relationships, and involvement in relationships. By contrast, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) emphasize more global values such as people’s relationship to nature and time-orientation. With respect to our study, Hofstede’s framework of national cultures is the most appropriate since he ident ified values related to economic activity (Husted, 2000). Therefore, his framework is germane for the study of business decisions. Focusing on national cultures, Hofstede (1997, p. 260) defines culture as the â€Å"collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. Thus, although the problems faced by groups (whether organizational or national) are universal, the solutions devised by each group may be relatively unique to that group. These solutions then become taken for granted over time, and may suggest why people hold certain beliefs and behave the way they do (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997). Hofstede (1980, 1988) has suggested that five dimensions of national culture underlie differences in the behavior of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Since these dimensions describe how individuals view and interpret situations and behavior, they are likely to be related to how individuals engage in decision-making in general (Weick, 1979; Adler, 2002). Ethical decisionmaking, too, is likely to be affected by these dimensions of national culture. Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions (1980, 1988) are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism, and long-term/short-term orientation. Power distance refers to the degree to which less powerful members in a country accept an unequal distribution of power. Uncertainty avoidance depicts a people’s ability to cope with ambiguous situations as well as the mechanisms they have created to avoid such situations. Masculinity exemplifies a focus on material things, such as money, success, etc., whereas femininity refers to a focus on quality of life, caring, etc. Individualism, which will be discussed in more detail later, refers to the tendency of people to consider their interests and those of A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics their immediate family only. By contrast, collectivism refers to the inclination of people to view themselves as part of a larger group, and to protect the interests of group members. Longterm/short-term orientation describes the time perspective people take when dealing with a situation. Table I represents the scores for Hofstede’s cultural dimensions for Brazil and the U.S. While the scores indicate dissimilarities between the U.S. and Brazil on all five cultural dimensions, by far the largest difference appears in the individualism/collectivism dimension. Brazil scored low on individualism, and hence is considered a collectivistic country; by contrast, the U.S. scored high on individualism and is considered an individualistic country. The individualism/collectivism dimension describes how individuals relate to others and to society, and represents the extent to which they are emotionally and cognitively attached to a particular network of individuals. Individualism describes the inclination of individuals to be primarily concerned with their personal interests and their immediate family’s welfare (Hofstede, 1980). Members of a highly individualistic country view themselves as independent of organizations or institutions, and place a higher value on self-reliance and individual action. Collectivism, in comparison, describes a culture where individuals are viewed as part of a larger group, and look after each other. Collectivistic cultures protect the interests of their members in return for their loyalty. In collectivist cultures, morality is defined in terms of the benefits for the in-group (family, friends, work companies, 269 etc.), implying the maintenance of solidarity (Triandis and Bhawuk, 1997). Hofst ede (1980) noted that the individualism/collectivism dimension carried â€Å"strong moral overtones† because this dimension was reflected in value systems shared by the majority. For example, in a highly individualistic country, individualism is viewed as a strength and the major reason for the country’s accomplishments. By comparison, inhabitants of a highly collectivistic country view an emphasis on self as a negative attribute to be eliminated for the good of society. Competing ethical frameworks for business decisions Ethics are the principles of human conduct regarding either an individual or a group (Shaw, 1999), and represent the moral standards not governed by law, that focus on the human consequences of actions (Francesco and Gold, 1998). Ethics often require behavior that meets higher standards than those established by law, including selfless behavior rather than calculated action intended to produce a tangible benefit. With respect to this study, business ethics describe the ultimate rules governing the assessment of â€Å"what constitutes right or wrong, or good or bad human conduct in a business context† (Shaw, 1999). In the assessment of ethical behavior, perception is critical (Hartmann, 2000). Indeed, ethical decisions may be influenced by our own perception, by others’ perceptions of our actions, and by our perception of â€Å"universal laws†. As a TABLE I Cultural dimensions (Hofstede 1980, 1988, 2001) Dimensions of culture U.S. Brazil Difference Power distance Uncertainty avoidance 40 46 69 76 (29) (30) Individualism/Collectivism 91 38 53 Masculine/Feminine Confucian Dynamism 62 29 49 65 13 (36) 270 Rafik I. Beekun et al. result, our final choices may be determined by the perception tha t is the most salient at the time. Further, Hartmann suggests that cultures may differ not only with respect to the ethical principles underlying decisions but also with respect to which of the three stakeholders – self, society, and universal laws – is emphasized in any given situation. Depending on which stakeholder is emphasized, people from different cultures may vary in their assessment of the ethical nature of a decision. Across most situations, ethical principles that distinguish right from wrong actions are encompassed by several normative theories, e.g., justice, relativism, egoism, utilitarianism, and deontology. These theories can generate potentially conflicting interpretations of what is ethical or unethical, originating from the very nature of the theories themselves. Moreover, prior research (Cohen et al., 1996; Hansen, 1992; Reidenbach and Robin, 1988, 1990) indicates that individuals making ethical decisions do not select a single theory or philosophy by which to make their decisions. In fact, Reidenbach and Robin (1988) found that a varying combination of ethical philosophies or theories is employed when ethical decisions are made. Shaw (1999) draws a distinction between two types of ethical theories, consequentialist and nonconsequentialist. Consequentialist theories suggest that the moral rightness of an action depends on the actual or intended results of the action. What is right is determined by â€Å"weighing the ratio of good to bad that an action is likely to produce† (Shaw, 1999, p. 45). A key issue underlying consequentialist theories is the nature of the beneficiaries of the action under consideration. Should one consider the consequences for oneself or for all involved? The most important consequentialist theories are egoism and utilitarianism. Egoism promotes individual self-interest as the guiding principle whereas utilitarianism advocates that everyone affected by the action or decision must be taken into account (Shaw, 1999). By contrast, nonconsequentialist theories suggest that it is not simply the consequence of an act that matters, but also its inherent character. Although these theories do not deny that con- sequences are morally relevant, they assert that other factors are also important in assessing the moral significance of an action. For example, â€Å"breaking a promise† is wrong not simply because of the consequences that result from breaking it, but also because of the nature of the act itself. In this study, we focus on consequentialist theories for several reasons. First, Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism dimension can be clearly and easily related to the two consequentialist theories. Second, the two theories represent the perceptions of two of the three possible sta keholders identified by Hartmann (2000), namely own perceptions and others’ perceptions. Third, staying within one theoretical category allows for a much more parsimonious, yet thorough, analysis. Ethical perspectives and national culture: hypotheses Whether egoistic or utilitarian principles are employed, ethics are a product of a society’s culture, which includes its traditions, values, and norms. Within a society, ethical behavior is generally agreed upon. Francesco and Gold (1998, p. 40) explain that â€Å"members implicitly understand how relationships, duties and obligations among people and groups ought to be conducted, and distinguish between their selfinterests and the interests of others.† However, when two or more countries interact, they often find that their ethics differ. According to Hendry (1999), these differences may lead to three types of culturally based ethical conflicts. First, there are those conflicts where the ethical values typifying the two national cultures lead to differing conclusions; what is deemed unethical from one perspect ive is considered to be ethical from the other. Second, conflict may arise when businesspersons from one culture consider something morally significant whereas their counterparts from another culture are ethically neutral. Third, business people from two cultures may interpret a common situation differently even when there is some commonality among their national values. A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics To investigate the relationship between national culture and ethics, we chose two culturally diverse countries, Brazil and the U.S. Given the differences in their respective national cultures, we expect Brazilians and Americans to differ in their assessment of the ethical content of business decisions. Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis: H1: The assessment of the ethical content of business decisions is a function of national culture. Egoism and individualism/collectivism According to egoism, the only valid standard of one’s behavior is one’s obligation to advance one’s well-being above everyone else’s (Beauchamp and Bowie, 1997). Promotion of one’s own longterm interest is viewed as the only worthwhile objective and the only determinant of whether an act is morally right or not. Nothing is owed to others or to the organization that one works in. Those who abide by this approach to ethics intensely believe that all altruistic efforts by others are really acts of self-promotion since an individual may have to help others in order to advance his/her own interests. Brazil is collectivistic whereas the U.S. is individualistic. As discussed earlier, persons from an individualistic culture emphasize their families’ and their own int erests. H1.a: When applying egoistic criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from the U.S. will be less likely than respondents from Brazil to see a decision or action as unethical. Utilitarianism and individualism/collectivism Utilitarianism, in direct contrast to egoism, â€Å"is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our action† (Shaw, 1999, p. 49). Although utilitarians also 271 evaluate an action in terms of its consequences, an action is ethical if it results in the greatest benefit or â€Å"good† for the largest number of people. Issues of self-interest are not germane since actions are assessed in accordance with one primary standard: the general good. Utilitarianism has long been associated with social improvement and the promotion of actions that are in the best interest of â€Å"the community.† Actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare. Brazil is collectivistic. Persons from a collectivistic culture focus on actions that lead to the greatest benefit for most members of a group. H1.b: When applying utilitarian criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from Brazil will be less likely than respondents from the U.S. to see an action or decision as unethical. To be consistent with prior ethics research (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988), the above hypotheses (H1.a and H1.b) together suggest that Americans and Brazilians rely on more than one ethical criterion when assessing the ethical content of an action or decision. However, we are also suggesting that when each specific ethical criterion they refer to is considered separately, people from different national cultures will vary in their assessment of the ethical content of a course of action or a decision. Methodology Sample Data were collected from 126 respondents – 92 from the U.S. and 34 from Brazil. U.S. participants included MBA students at a regional university as well as business professionals. Brazilian participants were all students enrolled in an Executive MBA program. We used MBA students in our study for two reasons. First, MBA students are a commonly used proxy for business people (Dubinsky and Rudelius, 1980). Dubinsky and Rudelius’ (1980) comparison of 272 Rafik I. Beekun et al. student versus professional evaluations found a high degree of congruence between the two groups. Second, since all students (both U.S. and Brazilian) were currently employed by companies or had recent professional work experience, the sample can be used as a proxy for business professionals in both countries. Data collection The instrument we used was Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) pre-validated, multi-criteria instrument incorporating the core dimensions that underlie several ethical perspectives. We selected this survey instrument because it is a multi-philosophy and multi-item questionnaire. As a result, it will enable us to assess both ethical dimensions of interest, i.e., egoism and utilitarianism, simultaneously. This instrument incorporates multiple items for each ethical philosophy and, therefore, is relatively more reliable than single item instruments (Kerlinger, 1986). Reidenbach and Robin’s instrument includes an initial set of scales that has shown evidence of high reliability and modest convergent validity with respect to U.S. respondents. The scales correlate highly with a univariate measure of the ethical content of situations. Hence, the instrument can be said to have high construct validity in the U.S. Additional reliability and validation efforts for the wh ole sample and for Brazil specifically are reported below. Using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = ethical, 7 = unethical), respondents were asked to rate the action in three scenarios using the criteria (items) described in Table II. The perception of and the criteria emphasized in evaluating the ethical content of a decision or situation depend on the nature of the decision or the situation. In accordance with previous research, scenarios will be used in this study to provide the contextual stimulus and to motivate the evaluation process (Alexander and Becker, 1978). We adopted the three scenarios developed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990). Table III presents the three scenarios used in this study. Data were collected by means of the abovementioned instrument administered to Brazilian participants (in Portuguese) and provided via written instrument and website access to U.S. participants (in English). The Brazilian instrument was back translated to ensure equivalence. Efforts were made to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument in this comparative context and are reported as follows. We examined the reliability of the instrument by assessing its internal consistency through the use of Cronbach’s alpha. Since we used three different measures (one for each of the scenarios), we calculated three inter-item coefficient alphas. The Cronbach alpha was 0.81 for the first scenario, 0.75 for the second scenario and 0.86 for the third scenario. All three coefficients indicate that the scale items are internally con- TABLE II Ethics instrument scales Ethical perspective Items (Seven-point Likert scale †“ 1 to 7)* Egoism Self promoting/not self promoting Self sacrificing/not self sacrificing Personally satisfying/not personally satisfying Utilitarianism Produces greatest utility/produces the least utility Maximizes benefits while minimizes harm/minimizes benefits while maximizes harm Leads to the greatest good for the greatest number/leads to the least good for the greatest number * Generally speaking, in the above bipolar scales, 1 = fair or just or efficient (ethical) whereas 7 = unfair, unjust or inefficient (unethical). A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics

Transformational leadership

Transformational leadership Introduction: Leadership can be described as an important quality of a person, a vital attribute for an organisation or a key source for an effective team towards attaining success. In these ways, leadership occupies its space in different fields and proves to be important in several aspects. The role of a leader is very important in a management field in terms of taking the organisation towards success or failure, as Drucker (1985) defines Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things. According to Cox (2001), the leadership has been classified into two types: Transformational and Transactional. This differentiation was initially made by Downtown (1973, as cited in Barnett, McCormick and Conners, 2001). Transformational leader to be briefly explained is the one who possess a good vision and commitment towards success and motivates his followers and encourage them to increase their work potential. Whereas a transactional leader works in a task oriented manner and behave rigid with no place for personal emotions. In this modern world, business culture changes more rapidly prior to time and it is mandatory that skill and custom of the leadership has to adapt these changes. Heiftz and Laurie (1997) claim that: Instead of maintaining standard, leaders have to challenge the style of doing business and facilitate others in order to distinguish immutable values from historical practices that must go. In this essay, certain counter arguments for transformational leadership are critically analysed and a position has been adopted that transformational leadership is better in the current business atmosphere. The reasons are articulated with characteristic feature of transformational leadership. This is further justified with the explanation of some successful facts about notable transformational leaders and their success in their business. Criticisms of Transformational leadership: ransformational leadership being one of the best leadership models has some criticisms regarding several factors like personality, complication, clarity and other factors. Johnson and Kepner (2002) explain the key criticism within transformational leadership is that, it possesses high probability for the abuse of power. This is concerned with morality of leadership, as in terms of emotional perspective a transformational leader influence his follower. If the direction or the path tends to be in wrong track, then it would result in bad consequences. Further Bass (1997) notifies that, transformational leadership lacks the quality of ensuring and balancing the respective interests and influences that might facilitate to avoid dictatorship and minority suppression. Some notable examples of this model are Adolf Hitler, Osama bin laden and Rev Jim Jones who was the main role in massive Jonestown suicide. These are the people considered to be the negative side of transformational leadership . The second critic is that, transformational leadership is more often concentrated in developing an individual personality trait rather than a conduct through which people may be instructed (Bryman, 1992). This result in a difficult situation to train people in this approach, as most of the people will find complicated to adopt this quality. Since transformational leadership is a combination of several leadership models, it is more complicated to understand the concept and teach. In a transformational leadership, the leader is considered as a visionary idol and the leader involve in the business process along with his followers. This creates a dilemma in viewing the leadership in a trait perspective. The third critic provided by Avolio (1999) is that, the transformational leadership is discriminatory and autocratic. This further brings to another critic, the lack of conceptual clarity. The transformational leadership covers a wide range of activities like motivation, inspiration, buil ding trust and furthermore, this creates confusion in terms of concept when compared to other leadership model, as Bryman (1992) pointed out that transformational and charismatic leadership are often considered to be identical with respect to their qualities. The fourth argument is about dimensions of transformational leadership as not clearly mentioned. A scientific research by Tracey and Hinkin (1998) has shown considerable intersections among the dimensions of transformational leadership; it notifies that the dimensions are not clearly defined and complicated to measure. The final critic deals with regards to ethics, describing that transformational leadership suppresses the minorities of an organisation. Keeley (2001) believes that the only way to prevent harm done to the followers by the managers is to avoid the managers from uniting towards a common interest or goal. This ethical statement put forwards an action which is contradictory of what transformational leaders are suppo sed to do. These are some of the critical arguments by various researchers in the business field. The upcoming statements provide a justification for transformational leadership and some counter arguments for the above given critical statements. Justification for transformational leadership: Reviewing the critics arguments, a question arises whether the transformational leadership could be followed by an organisation to run efficiently. A position has been adopted for transformational leadership in this essay and the facts are described and clearly articulated. The first point of criticism review the morality and misleading of power by transformational leadership. Bass (2006) explains the classification in transformational leadership as socialised and personalized characteristics in the book Transformational leadership. The leaders using their abilities to inspire and lead their followers to a wrong path are termed to be pseudo transformational leaders. They possess similar elements as that of transformational leaders, but the motive would be personal and exploitative. It depends upon the individual characteristics in determining or choosing their motive and path, the concept of transformational leadership cannot be blamed. People regarding pseudo transformational model were discussed in the previous section; some examples of leaders who led a constructive path of transformational leadership are Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela etc. Transformational leadership concentrates in developing individual personality trait and it is difficult to understand and teach the concept was another critic. The significant feature of transformational leadership is that, it concentrates the development of follower and tries to enrich their personality. It encourages and involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision and goal of the organisation. A transformational leader encourages others to become leaders; as a result the entire organisation will be filled with people possessing effective leadership qualities, Kelly (2003). Furthermore, transformational leader motivates his followers to be innovative in problem solving and develop followers leadership qualities by coaching, mentoring and providing both challenge and support. According to (Leithwood, as cited in Cashin et al, 2000, p.1) Transformational leadership is that which: helps to redefine an individual mission and vision, thereby renewing their commitment and re structure the system for accomplishing the goal. This result in a mutual co-ordination within a leader and follower, where the follower grooms his qualities of leadership and the leader transform himself as a moral agent. Hence transformational leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. Regarding the issue about conceptual clarity, transformational leadership has much in similar characteristic features as that of charismatic leadership. The charisma is a part of transformational leader, it is considered to be a factor which correlates with idealized influence (one of transformational leadership 4Is). It is generally classified as socialized and personalized categories. For an organisation to perform better, Howell and Avolio (1993), authentic charismatic or transformational leaders must be socialised leaders. Under transformational leadership, there are four vital organisational activities performed. Making a compelling case for change in order to heighten followers sensitivity towards organisational change, inspire shared vision in order to attain new and better future, leading new changes and embedding the same. Certain critics notice transformational leadership as discriminatory and autocratic and a questionnaire whether it is directive or participative. Weber (1 947) emphasized that during the period of crises transformational leader directed dependent followers with essential solutions towards the problem; high inspirational leaders were extremely directive in terms of their process and approach. This clearly illustrates that, depending upon the situation a leader has to be either directive or participative in order to perform the task efficiently. The issues concerned to dimensions of transformational leadership, the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (2000) provides a solution for this critic. The MLQ is used in measurement or determination of the dimensions for this leadership, which are Idealised influence, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation. The ethical issue about the transformational leadership is about suppressing minorities. Being researched for over 25 years, in transformational leadership the objective is to convert individual attention towards larger cause. It results in transformation from selfishness to cooperative concern. The significant feature of this leadership model is that, it focuses on common goal (Ethics, 133). An effective team work is concentrated where majorities and minorities are in the same platform to attain an objective. Successful Transformational leaders: Transformational leadership model proves to be efficient not only in business, but in all other sectors where it is implemented. In order to strengthen the position of transformational leadership, so examples from the past and present are portrayed in this essay. In a historical perspective, Yates (2002) describes about Genghis khan. During the late 12th and 13th century, this man struggled for the unification of the Mongol tribes, which was one of the largest land empires. The mode of leadership used was transformational at that period of time. In terms of business field, Lou Gerstner- the former chairman and CEO of IBM is one of the best examples for transformational leadership. One of the notable events at IBM under Gerstner leadership is: recovery from the companys loss of $1.8 billion in 1993 and making IBM as one of the largest private corporation in IT sector during that period of time. Sheppard (2002) describes that, Gerstner completely rectified the organisational culture an d took IBM to certain heights. Regarding the field of government and military contexts, General Colin Powell overcame the notorious racism in United States military and amidst low expectations became the United States chiefs of staff in 1989. He is the first Afro-American to become the U.S Secretary of State in 1991. Chekwa (2001) notifies that with the vision and qualities of transformational leader, Powell attained this position. Conclusion: The image and the research concerned to transformational leadership might be relatively recent, but demonstration and research of its characteristics and features has been done years back. It is proved thattransformational leaders have great capability to increase the performance beyond expectations and thereby able to make massive changes among individuals and organizations. In this essay, analysing most of the critics statement it has been justified that transformational leadership is stated to be better in a business perspective. When compared with other leadership styles like transactional or autocratic, transformational leadership addresses an individual needs, while the transactional leadership addresses the organisational process and the functioning is more often considered to be monopoly in nature. The decisions made are concerned only with the leader, success and failure occurs in an equal probability. While transformational leadership indulges effective team work, the leader motivates his follower and provides constructive feedback. The significant feature is that, feedback is expected from the follower too thus creating a two way communication. In the current world, transformational leadership is highly recognised and practised by executives in modern organisation. The current business scenario is influenced by insecurity, global commotion and organisational volatility, for which transformational leadership would be a better solution to deal these factors efficiently. References: Bass, B. and Riggio, R. (2006) Transformational leadership, 2nd edition, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Pillai, R. and Williams, E.A (2004) Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment, and performance Journal of Organizational change management, Vol 17. Issue 2 pp. 144-159. Hay, I. (2006) Transformational Leadership: Characteristics and Criticisms [online] Available at: http://www.leadingtoday.org/weleadinlearning/transformationalleadership.htm (Accessed: 04 January 2010). Sarros, J. and Santora, J. (2001) The transformational-transactional leadership model in practice Leadership and organisation development journal, Vol 22, pp. 383-393. Sheppard, P. (2002) Leading the turnaround: Lou Gerstner of IBM. Wharton Leadership Digest [online]. Available at: http://leadership.wharton.upenn.edu/digest/02-03.shtml (Accessed: 30 December 2010) Yukl, A. (1989) Leadership in Organisation 2nd edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall publication. Odom, L. and Green, T. (2003) Law and the ethics of Transformational leadership Leadership and Organisational development journal, Vol. 24, pp.62-69.

Essay --

Montanna Williams Mrs. Songer World Literature 12 October 2013 Death In the writings The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Death of Ivan Ilyich both Ernest Hemmingway and Leo Tolstoy have a prominent theme of death. These two works do not only show strong images of death, but also a sense of death’s presence. Throughout the two writings it is presented that chasing money, how both Ivan and Harry treat the people around them, and their egotistical life style can lead to an unpleasant death. In The Snows of Kilimanjaro Harry’s fondness for money causes him to lose sight of what is critical in life. He gave up writing which is something he appreciated and was good at, for a wealthy woman that he truly did not love. Harry was more concerned with how he should act in his society instead of what he enjoys doing. He has a bad habit of falling in love with woman who were wealthy instead of looking for essential things like a woman’s beliefs and her values. â€Å"It was strange too wasn’t it? That when he fell in love with another woman, that woman should always have more money than the last one?† Harry knows what he missed out on and in the end he regrets that he stopped doing what he loved. On the other hand in The Death of Ivan Ilyich Tolstoy portrays almost every character in the book to be concerned with social class. Once Ivan’s colleges found out he died, after asking simple details, they immediately asked about if Ivan was wealthy or n ot. â€Å"Had he any property?† I think his wife had a little – but something quite trifling.† (1.12-13). Ivan and his family were not in the upper class of society, they were in the middle, and because they owned property it made them higher up in their social classe because that was very rare in Russia at that ... ... a person should look at their life and how they should face their death. In The Snows of Kilimanjaro Harry was not content with the life he had lived. He made sacrifices and in result he was just not happy, and because of his sacrifices he had many regrets as he was dying. On the other hand Ivan Ilyich was too engaged in his work life and ignored his family matters. He didn’t step up to the plate; instead he ran away from the issues and hid behind his work, therefore resulting in a very non-loving family life. Luckily Ivan found peace in himself as he was about to die, even becoming joyful. Both of these writings teach that going after materialistic things, the way a person treats the people around them, and being self-absorbed can cause a distasteful death. Living life to the fullest and making the most of it can enrich your life and cause a more pleasant passing.

romanticism Essays -- essays research papers

Romanticism and Rationalism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its topics the ideals of the time period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing." The Romantic era was one that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature; the poets and their works shed light on people's universal natures. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the literature and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. Rationalism or Realism was erected during the mid 19th century. Realism are ideas that are brought up in philosophical thinking. The realistic movement of the late 19th century saw authors accurately depict life and it's problems. Realists attempted to gi ve a comprehensive picture of modern life by presenting the entire picture. They did not try to give one view of life but instead attempted to show the different classes, manners, and stratification of life. The Rationalist recognizes that they must master their own destiny, using their unique powers of reason and the scientific method to solve problems. Such authors that represent these two eras are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth and Charles Darwin. Romantics believed that one needed to understand nature to understand oneself. In other words, only through nature could one discover who they are. Emerson shows this in his writing called "Nature". In the exert "†¦man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." This depicts Emerson's feelings toward nature; view nature as you view yourself. If one views nature as caring and compassionate, one will also see themselves as caring and compassionate. Similarly if you understand na ture you will know yourself better. As one gains wisdom from nature, one begins to realize that understanding is a gate way to the divine as well as to oneself. Other writers also agreed with this notion of nature. In the essay "Walden" by Thoreau, Thoreau had left society to move into a shelter outside of his town. By living on only the necessities he lived his life as simple as he could, thus fin... ...eling of the lump of figures in the center of the raft. The X form of the composition draws your eye all around the composition. The eye starts at the top right with the Revolutionary figure holding on to a piece of cloth in the colors of the French Revolution and then is drawn down the diagonal. Gà ©ricault then depicts the striving, the dying, and the dead as they overlap each other in a fierce struggle to survive. The eye is then drawn up and down the dark opposing diagonal. This whole scene is then placed on the mighty ocean to delineate the fact that the raft is a metaphor for France being on a hostile ocean of depravity. The Grande Odalisque also typifies Romanticism. Ingres, using example such as the Mannerist Parmaganino’s Madonna with a long neck, takes the artistic license to elongate the figure of this Turkish harem girl. Influenced by the neo-classical revival Ingres draws upon the Greek technique of flat linear forms and depicts his model in an impossible pos ition allow us the view of both her shoulders and her breast; the figure is given an extra three vertebrae in order to maintain this position. Ingres endows a feeling of sensuality into the figure instead of the pai

Greek Mythology - Aphrodite Essay -- essays research papers fc

Aphrodite is one of the most famous figures of Greek mythology, because Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and sexual rapture. She was desired by nearly all of the Greek gods. Aphrodite was one of the twelve main gods on Mt. Olympus, and she was the most powerful goddess when it came to members of the opposite sex. There are many origins to Aphrodite's birth. Some of them are: She arose full-grown out of the foam of the sea, She is the daughter of Zeus and Dionne, She is the daughter of Uranus and Gaia, which would make her a Titaness, or She is the daughter of Titans Oceanus and Tethys, making her an Oceanid. (Dittus 34-35) â€Å"The most common origin of her birth is her being foam-born, which is what her name means† (Parin 45). This origin says that Aphrodite arose nude and full-grown out of the foam of the sea and riding into the shore of Cythera on a scallop shell. She found Cythera to be too small of an island, so she went to live in Paphos, in Cyprus, whi ch is still the principal seat of her worship. Although Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty, she had a magic girdle that she wore that made everyone fall in love with her. She could hardly ever be persuaded to lend it to anyone. Since Aphrodite had the magic girdle and was so beautiful, all of the gods fell in love with her. All of the goddesses were jealous of Aphrodite because all of the gods loved her instead of the other goddesses. Because of this, Zeus arranged a marriage for her with Hephaestus, the lame smith-god. Aphrodite, already regretting the trouble she had caused, took Adonis, and put him in a chest. She gave the chest to Persephone, asking her to hide it in a dark place. Persephone couldn't stand not knowing what was inside the chest, so she opened the chest and found Adonis. Persephone found Adonis to be a very cute baby, so she took hi into her own palace to raise him. Aphrodite did not find out about this until Adonis was a grown man. When she did find out about this though, she immediately went to Persephone's palace to claim Adonis. Persephone would not give him back to Aphrodite though, because she had made him her lover. Persephone appealed to Zeus, but Zeus knew that Aphrodite wanted to have him as her own lover. He refused to settle this case and transferred it to a lower court. The court's verdict was that Persephone and Aphrodite should get equal claims to ... ...aybe not so great, things during their lifetimes that are still remembered today. They were both main gods on Mt. Olympus. They may have not had many great times with each other according to myth, but they were still significant gods who had great lives. Many people use both of these gods to relate to things today, and she will be remembered for years and years to come. Her characters in Greek mythology are very significant and they will not be forgotten anytime soon. Works Cited Hamilton, Earth. Mythology Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Penguin Group, 1969. Ingri and Edgar Parin D’alaure’s. Book of Greek Myths. New York: Bantam Dowbleday Dell Publishing Group, 1962. â€Å"Pygmalion and Galatea.† Hellenistic Network. http://www.hellenism.net/eng/mythology.html (6 April 2005) Bowman, Laurel. â€Å"Classical Myths: Aphrodite: Texts.† The Ancient Sources. http://web.uvic.ca/grs/bowman/myth/index.html (6 April 2005) Hamilton, Earth. Mythology Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Penguin Group, 1969. Ingri and Edgar Parin D’alaure’s. Book of Greek Myths. New York: Bantam Dowbleday Dell Publishing Group, 1962.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Sir Robert Peel

Sir Robert Peel Christina Buenrostro CJA/214 Version 2 August 5, 2010 Roy Diaz Sir Robert Peel Today the world has become a very dangerous place to live. Sometimes you can not even walk to the store without seeing a crime in progress or a crime scene investigation. Children are restricted to their home because of constant danger that goes on in their community. However, communities today have a police department assigned to protect and serve and this includes helping keep crime rates down and society incompliance with the law. Sir Robert Peel is the founder of this structure that we experience today in our communities.Sir Robert peel started his career as home secretary in 1821(Norman, 1986}. While in office he started to establish a system of preventing crimes and also reforming criminals rather then punishing them. Death penalties in minor crimes were basically abolished and criminal laws were made more humane. Robert peel reformed the goal system; he introduced a payment for gaole rs and provided education for inmates. The gaol was a jail that housed prisoners. Prison systems also were reformed and went under supervision of the central government. In the early nineteenth century the law enforcement system in London began to collapse.It had grown in to an industrial city with various problems such as poverty, disorder, ethnic conflict and experienced rising crime. Peel fought for many years to establish what we know today as the London Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Officers were known as the â€Å"Bobbies† to honor Sir Robert Peel. The police in London introduced three elements that have become our foundation of American policing they included having a mission, strategy, and organization structure. Before the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers only responded when a crime had already occurred. If a crime had appen the victims would have to seek out patrol officers. The new police mission was to try to prevent crime before it happened. This open ed the door for continuously patrolling which were referred as fixed â€Å"beats†. Officers had to maintain a visible presence through the community. This insured security for the public and their safety. The new police used strategies to help enforce the law. This included evaluating crime rates and how well their strategies were working for the police department and the community {Critchley, T. A. 1967}. Police officers in London had to gain the mutual respect of citizens.Through the departments restrained and civil conduct they were able to establish their respect. The London Metropolitan Police maintained high personal standards and was under strict supervision. The public are the eyes and ears of law enforcement and they needed to have the public on their side. Peel brought organization to American policing. Prior to Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers were selected only on the basis of political connections. The men generally selected were in bad health, with no e ducation, and were often criminals themselves.Some departments offered recruits as a formal per- service training but other than that you were not required to take a test once the training was completed. Peel used the organization structure from the military which included uniforms, rank designations and the authoritarian system that included command and discipline. Sir Robert Peel had nine principles that he introduced when he formed the Metropolitan Police act of 1829 that many police departments today still reflect on when enforcing the laws and serving the communities they patrol. 1. The mission for whom the law enforcement exists is to prevent crime and disorder. . The capacity of the law enforcement to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of public actions. 3. Law enforcement must secure the willing support of the community in charitable performance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4. The quantities of assistance of the community that can be secured reduce proportionately to the requirement of the use of bodily force. 5. Law enforcement seeks and maintains community support not by catering to community view but by constantly representing absolute fair service to the law. 6.Law enforcement utilizes physical power to the amount needed to protected observation of the law or to repair order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be inadequate. 7. Law enforcement at all times, ought to sustain a connection with the community that give realism to the historic belief that law enforcement are the community and the public are the law enforcement; the law enforcement being only members of the community who are salaried to give full- time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community wellbeing and existence. 8.Law enforcement should communicate every action strictly toward their function and never appear to take over the powers of the jud iciary. 9. The examination of law enforcement good union is nonappearance of crime or disorder, not the noticeable proof of police action in settling it. Enclosure these principles have shaped America Law Enforcement agencies. They have helped the communities trust the officers and have come to rely on their services. There is still a lot of issues that need to be addressed in Law Enforcement , but Sir Robert Peel laid the foundation for all the work.References Critchley, T. A. 1967} Evaluating Police Strategies A History of Police in England and Wales. London: Constable {Whig account} Retrieved from University Of Phoenix Student Library http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willanpolicing/metropolitan_police_new_police Norman Gash, Sir Robert Peel: the life of Sir Peel after 1830, London; Longman, 1986 Retrieved from www. novelguilde. com www. nha. org/sites/oldgaol. html www. newwestpolice. org References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete t his line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry. Sir Robert Peel During the research of Sir Robert Peel’s position on policing to the varied needs of contemporary society, it was revealed that police departments currently use the nine principles that Peel established in 1829. These principles are used as a foundation for the police to prevent crime and also to preserve a positive relationship with the community. It will be explained how Peel’s policing and principles are being utilized in the modern era and also show his position on policing. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel formed the Metropolitan Police while serving as Secretary of England.Peel stated â€Å"The key to policing is that the police are the people and that the people are the police† (Law Enforcement: Robert Peels Concept, 1829). Community policing is derived from Peel’s concept of prevention and has been clung to by many law enforcement organizations across the United States. Community policing requires investing in training with special regard to problem analysi s and problem solving, facilitation, community organization and other various dedicated training. The development of modern day policing has had many unsuccessful attempts and fake starts since the early nineteenth century.While Peel’s principles stand for an idealized vision of police movements, it has been known to serve as a stepping stone for contemporary law enforcement and criminologists. The impression of community policing can be credited to Sir Robert Peel in the logic that his principles have formed the core values of community relations. Peel created the police force, also known as â€Å"bobbies† or territorial police forces. The beginning of â€Å"beats† was first performed by bobbies as a formal patrol. Enforcement agencies still have police patrolling the streets with the purpose of preventing crime and making neighborhoods safe.Peel’s philosophy and community policing share the same concepts and goals in policing. One of the different simil arities between Peel’s advance and community policing is that prevention of crime is the main concern within our society. The assumption is that crime prevention is a duty that the community and police should share ownership of. Community policing and team policing is rooted in the idea that the traditional officer will bring the police and the community closer together and also maintain the professional model. When the police are dealing with the different communities and cultures, there must be a mutual feeling between them.The shared feeling can be classified as a sense of security and trust within each other. It was stated by Peel that having the public’s support and collaboration are the basis for five of his principles of effective policing. â€Å"The ability of the police to perform their duties is reliant upon public approval of police actions and they must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to uphold res pect for the public. In our diverse society, police must understand the different cultures that make up the communities that they patrol (Law Enforcement: Robert Peels Concept, 1829).When a community has little or no respect towards the police, they are more likely going to pay no heed to the request or demands of the officers and force officers to use excessive force in order to gain control of the situation. An example of this would be the Los Angeles riots that took place back in 1992, when four officers were acquitted for the beating of Rodney King. This became a great upset to the public and therefore caused riots. The issue was so awful that police officers had to put on S. W. A. T gear and try to get control of the livid crowd.Nearly 2,000 people were injured and 53 were killed. The police department must examine and avoid such mistakes from being made in community policing. Another type of mistake that can cause troubles with community policing would be budget cuts within de partments. Some officers often take side jobs to compensate for their salary cuts and thus create a lack of integrity and â€Å"dirty† cops. People depend on officers to help the streets and neighborhoods be much safer but with cutbacks, being able to provide that protection could be difficult.Society cannot afford to be defenseless with everything that is going on in the world today. Sir Robert Peel’s principles of policing have facilitated modern day policing by gaining the public’s trust to feel comfortable enough to call local law enforcement when assistance is needed. Community policing has been a most important focus in law enforcement because of the crime rate within the diverse communities. With the community and the police officers functioning together, crime rates would decline and the streets would be much safer. Sir Robert Peel established that police and the community are equivalent in terms of efficient policing.References Larrabee, A. K. (2007). L aw Enforcement: Sir Robert Peel. Associated Content. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/435980/law_enforcement_sir_robert_peels_con cept. html Patterson, J. (2010). Community Policing: Learning the Lessons of History. Retrieved from http://www. lectlaw. com/files/cjs07. htm Nazemi, S. (2008). Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principals of Policing. Retrieved from http://www. lacp. org/2009-Articles-Main/062609-Peels9Principals-SandyNazemi. htm Sir Robert Peel Sir Robert Peel Christina Buenrostro CJA/214 Version 2 August 5, 2010 Roy Diaz Sir Robert Peel Today the world has become a very dangerous place to live. Sometimes you can not even walk to the store without seeing a crime in progress or a crime scene investigation. Children are restricted to their home because of constant danger that goes on in their community. However, communities today have a police department assigned to protect and serve and this includes helping keep crime rates down and society incompliance with the law. Sir Robert Peel is the founder of this structure that we experience today in our communities.Sir Robert peel started his career as home secretary in 1821(Norman, 1986}. While in office he started to establish a system of preventing crimes and also reforming criminals rather then punishing them. Death penalties in minor crimes were basically abolished and criminal laws were made more humane. Robert peel reformed the goal system; he introduced a payment for gaole rs and provided education for inmates. The gaol was a jail that housed prisoners. Prison systems also were reformed and went under supervision of the central government. In the early nineteenth century the law enforcement system in London began to collapse.It had grown in to an industrial city with various problems such as poverty, disorder, ethnic conflict and experienced rising crime. Peel fought for many years to establish what we know today as the London Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Officers were known as the â€Å"Bobbies† to honor Sir Robert Peel. The police in London introduced three elements that have become our foundation of American policing they included having a mission, strategy, and organization structure. Before the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers only responded when a crime had already occurred. If a crime had appen the victims would have to seek out patrol officers. The new police mission was to try to prevent crime before it happened. This open ed the door for continuously patrolling which were referred as fixed â€Å"beats†. Officers had to maintain a visible presence through the community. This insured security for the public and their safety. The new police used strategies to help enforce the law. This included evaluating crime rates and how well their strategies were working for the police department and the community {Critchley, T. A. 1967}. Police officers in London had to gain the mutual respect of citizens.Through the departments restrained and civil conduct they were able to establish their respect. The London Metropolitan Police maintained high personal standards and was under strict supervision. The public are the eyes and ears of law enforcement and they needed to have the public on their side. Peel brought organization to American policing. Prior to Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers were selected only on the basis of political connections. The men generally selected were in bad health, with no e ducation, and were often criminals themselves.Some departments offered recruits as a formal per- service training but other than that you were not required to take a test once the training was completed. Peel used the organization structure from the military which included uniforms, rank designations and the authoritarian system that included command and discipline. Sir Robert Peel had nine principles that he introduced when he formed the Metropolitan Police act of 1829 that many police departments today still reflect on when enforcing the laws and serving the communities they patrol. 1. The mission for whom the law enforcement exists is to prevent crime and disorder. . The capacity of the law enforcement to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of public actions. 3. Law enforcement must secure the willing support of the community in charitable performance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4. The quantities of assistance of the community that can be secured reduce proportionately to the requirement of the use of bodily force. 5. Law enforcement seeks and maintains community support not by catering to community view but by constantly representing absolute fair service to the law. 6.Law enforcement utilizes physical power to the amount needed to protected observation of the law or to repair order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be inadequate. 7. Law enforcement at all times, ought to sustain a connection with the community that give realism to the historic belief that law enforcement are the community and the public are the law enforcement; the law enforcement being only members of the community who are salaried to give full- time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community wellbeing and existence. 8.Law enforcement should communicate every action strictly toward their function and never appear to take over the powers of the jud iciary. 9. The examination of law enforcement good union is nonappearance of crime or disorder, not the noticeable proof of police action in settling it. Enclosure these principles have shaped America Law Enforcement agencies. They have helped the communities trust the officers and have come to rely on their services. There is still a lot of issues that need to be addressed in Law Enforcement , but Sir Robert Peel laid the foundation for all the work.References Critchley, T. A. 1967} Evaluating Police Strategies A History of Police in England and Wales. London: Constable {Whig account} Retrieved from University Of Phoenix Student Library http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willanpolicing/metropolitan_police_new_police Norman Gash, Sir Robert Peel: the life of Sir Peel after 1830, London; Longman, 1986 Retrieved from www. novelguilde. com www. nha. org/sites/oldgaol. html www. newwestpolice. org References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete t his line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry.